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  • Article

    Canadian Pacific Railway

    The Canadian Pacific Railway company (CPR) was incorporated in 1881. Its original purpose was the construction of a transcontinental railway, a promise to British Columbia upon its entry into Confederation (see Railway History). The railway — completed in 1885 — connected Eastern Canada to British Columbia and played an important role in the development of the nation. Built in dangerous conditions by thousands of labourers, including 15,000 Chinese temporary workers, the railway facilitated communication and transportation across the country. Over its long history, the Canadian Pacific Railway diversified its operations. The company established hotels, shipping lines and airlines, and developed mining and telecommunications industries (see Shipping Industry; Air Transport Industry). In 2001, Canadian Pacific separated into five separate and independent companies, with Canadian Pacific Railway returning to its origins as a railway company. CP, as it is branded today, has over 22,500 km of track across Canada and the United States. It is a public company and it trades on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol CP. In 2020, CP reported $7.71 billion in total revenues. This article is a full-length entry about the Canadian Pacific Railway. For a plain-language summary, please see Canadian Pacific Railway (Plain-Language Summary).

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  • Article

    Canadian Pacific Railway (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was founded in 1881. Its primary purpose was to construct a transcontinental railway. It completed the railway in 1885. For the first time in Canadian history, Canadians and Canadian goods could travel from east to west in a short period of time. This was revolutionary. Canadian Pacific Railway, known as CP today, is one of Canada’s most significant companies. It remains one of the most important systems of transportation for the Canadian economy. Every day, CP transports countless varieties of commodities across the nation. This article is a plain-language summary of the Canadian Pacific Railway. If you are interested in reading about this topic more in depth, please see our full-length entry, Canadian Pacific Railway.

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  • Article

    Canadian Painting in the 19th Century

    Prior to the emergence of distinctively Canadian modernist painters in the 20th century (e.g., Tom Thomson, the Group of Seven, Emily Carr and David Milne), Canadian painting closely followed conventional, academic European models and tastes. This did not change after the 1840s. Cornelius Krieghoff captured the habitant lifestyle along the St. Lawrence River, while Paul Kane and Frances Anne Hopkins sketched and painted the First Nations people and landscapes of Western Canada. But as the century progressed, artists in Canada increasingly began to address specifically Canadian themes. The influence of photography, especially the work and studios of William Notman, was significant. The Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA) was founded in 1880 and various artists’ groups thrived heading into the 20th century.

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  • Article

    Canadian Parents for French

    Canadian Parents for French is a national organization of parents dedicated to the expansion of French second-language learning opportunities for young Canadians. Primarily driven by the volunteer efforts of parents, it has been the leading organization in Canada dedicated to the expansion of French immersion programs and the improvement of French second-language learning programs since the 1970s. 

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  • Macleans

    Canadian Passport Abuse

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on October 13, 1997. Partner content is not updated. Khaled Meshal knows he is lucky to be alive - even if he remains mystified about precisely what it was that almost killed him.

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  • Article

    Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus

    The United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was established in 1964 to prevent intercommunal fighting between the Greek Cypriot majority and the Turkish Cypriot minority. Canadian peacekeepers were the first to arrive and remained in strength until 1993. Since then, Canada has provided one staff officer to UNFICYP headquarters on a yearly rotational basis. More than 33,000 Canadians served in Cyprus; 28 died there.

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  • Article

    Canadian Peacekeepers in Haiti

    Since 1990, peacekeepers from the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and civilian police forces, including the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), have served in Haiti on various United Nations (UN) missions. The purpose of these missions was to help stop the internal violence and civil unrest that had plagued the country for years and help promote and protect human rights and strengthen police and judicial systems.

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  • Article

    Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda

    From 1993 to 1995, Canada was a leading contributor to a series of United Nations peacekeeping missions in the African nation of Rwanda. However, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), led by Canadian Major-General Roméo Dallaire, was powerless to prevent the slaughter of 800,000 Rwandans in 1994. Following the genocide, a new contingent of Canadian troops returned to Rwanda as part of UNAMIR II, tasked with restoring order and bringing aid to the devastated population. Hundreds of Canadian soldiers, including Dallaire, returned from their service in Rwanda deeply scarred by what they had witnessed.

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  • Article

    Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia

    In 1992–93, Canada contributed military forces to UNITAF, a United Nations–backed humanitarian mission in the African nation of Somalia. The mission was hampered by the fact that some of the warring factions in the Somalia conflict attacked the international forces that were trying to restore order and deliver food to a starving population. The Canadian effort was also clouded by the murder of a Somali teenager by Canadian troops. The crime — and alleged cover-up by Defence officials in Ottawa — became one of the most infamous scandals in Canadian history.

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  • Article

    Canadian Peacekeepers in the Balkans

    From 1991 to the present, members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and civilian police forces, including the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), have served in peace operations in the Balkans. Their mission was to provide security and stability following the breakup of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Nearly 40,000 Canadians have served in the Balkans, and 23 CAF members died while deployed there.

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  • Article

    Canadian Piano and Organ Manufacturers' Association

    Canadian Piano and Organ Manufacturers' Association. Established, with a secretariat in Toronto, to provide co-operative action in the promotion, regulation, and protection of the piano and organ manufacturers of Canada. Its first constitution and by-laws were dated 1899.

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  • Article

    Canadian Political Science Association

    The Canadian Political Science Association was founded in 1913. It lost its membership to WWI, but was reconstituted in 1929 and has operated continuously since. It was incorporated under the Canada Corporation Act in 1971.

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  • Macleans

    Canadian Politicians Ask the Judges to Decide on Same-sex Marriage

    Trying to elicit straight talk from politicians on gay marriage can be tricky. Prime Minister Paul Martin looks painfully uncomfortable when the subject arises, far more so than he does when asked about, say, political ethics.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on March 29, 2004

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  • Article

    Canadian Press

    Canadian Press (CP), Canada's principal news agency, began in 1910 as Canadian Press Ltd, a re-distributor of news from the Associated Press (AP) to Canadian newspapers through Morse code and telegraph wires.

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  • Article

    Cartooning Canada’s Prime Ministers

    Canadian Prime Ministers as Seen by Their Loyal Cartoonists

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