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  • Article

    Private School

    Fee-supported educational institutions at the primary and secondary level not under direct government control have existed in Canada from the earliest years of white settlement to the present day. Until the 1830s, most schooling was private.

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  • Article

    Privateering During the War of 1812

    Privateering refers to government licensing of private vessels to wage war. In Canada, privateering dated back to Samuel Argall's attack in 1613 on PORT-ROYAL, Acadia. From 1756 to 1815 British privateers sailed from Halifax, Liverpool and other Atlantic ports, cruising as far south as Venezuela.

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  • Article

    Privy Council

    Privy Council is a common name for the King’s Privy Council for Canada. It is also known as His Majesty’s Privy Council for Canada. It was established (as the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada) under the Constitution Act, 1867. Its purpose is to advise the Crown (the reigning monarch).

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  • Article

    Privy Council Office

    The Privy Council Office (PCO) is a prime minister's government department headed by the clerk designated (since 1940) secretary to the Cabinet. It is perhaps the most important and certainly the most senior of the central agencies of government.

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  • Article

    Prix du Québec

    In 1922, Athanase David, then secretary of the Province of Québec, created 2 prizes to recognize and encourage the work of Québec writers and scientists. The David Prize was created for literature and the Scientific Prize for research.

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  • Macleans

    Pro Basketball Comes to Canada

    Hours before game time, in the dim light of an otherwise empty SkyDome, Carlos Rogers of the Toronto Raptors is alone on the basketball court.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on November 6, 1995

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  • Article

    Pro Pelle Cutem

    Pro pelle cutem (a Latin phrase meaning “a pelt for a skin”) is the traditional motto of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC). It was adopted soon after the company received its charter in 1670.

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  • Article

    Probation and Parole

    Probation and parole are functions of the criminal justice system. Probation is when convicted offenders are supervised in the community instead of in prison, or after a prison sentence has been served. Probation comes from a custom in Anglo-American courts to suspend judgment in certain cases and provide a second chance for offenders. Probation is a sentencing option available to a judge when an offender has committed certain crimes. Parole is the act of releasing an offender from custody under certain conditions. The purpose of parole is to manage the timing and conditions of a prisoner’s release to maintain a just, peaceful and safe society. Parole helps to rehabilitate and reintegrate an offender into the community as a law-abiding citizen.

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  • Article

    Professional Education

    Music education, professional. The musical training needed by a performer, composer, teacher or scholar if he or she is to function at a level of adequacy or excellence both artistically and economically.

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  • Article

    Professional Orders

    Over the past 50 years, Québec has developed a professional system that has gradually consolidated its most important orders according to the size of their memberships and the nature of the their acts, which are often exclusive.

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  • Article

    Professional Women’s Hockey League (PWHL)

    The Professional Women’s Hockey League (PWHL) is a professional ice hockey league for women. It held its first season of play in 2024–25. There were six original franchises, all of which adopted a name in the second season: the Ottawa Charge, Toronto Sceptres, Montreal Victoire, Minnesota Frost, New York Sirens and Boston Fleet. Two expansion franchises joined in the 2025–26 season, the Vancouver Goldeneyes and Seattle Torrent. Four more expansion franchises — Hamilton, Detroit, San Jose and Las Vegas — have been announced for the 2026–27 season. Teams compete for the Walter Cup, named in honour of league co-founders Mark and Kimbra Walter.

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  • Article

    Professional Wrestling

    Professional wrestling is perhaps the oldest professional sport competed in by man. In fact wrestling has been a livelihood of the rich and poor alike for centuries. Many great athletes have made their fame and fortune thanks to the appeal of this sport.

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  • Article

    Progressive Party

     The Progressive Party was formed in 1920 when Ontario and prairie farmers on the Canadian Council of Agriculture united with dissident Liberals led by Thomas CRERAR, who resigned from the federal Cabinet in 1919 opposing high tariffs.

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  • Article

    Prohibition in Canada

    Prohibition in Canada came about as a result of the temperance movement. It called for moderation or total abstinence from alcohol, based on the belief that drinking was responsible for many of society’s ills. The Canada Temperance Act (Scott Act) of 1878 gave local governments the “local option” to ban the sale of alcohol. Prohibition was first enacted on a provincial basis in Prince Edward Island in 1901. It became law in the remaining provinces, as well as in Yukon and Newfoundland, during the First World War. Liquor could be legally produced in Canada (but not sold there) and legally exported out of Canadian ports. Most provincial laws were repealed in the 1920s. PEI was the last to give up the “the noble experiment” in 1948. (This is the full-length entry about Prohibition in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Prohibition in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).)

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  • Article

    Prohibition in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

    Prohibition was the ban on alcohol in the 19th and 20th centuries. It happened because of the temperance movement. Some places in Canada had prohibition laws before Confederation. The first province to enact prohibition was Prince Edward Island in 1901. During the First World War, the other provinces passed similar laws. In the 1920s, most prohibition laws were lifted. Prince Edward Island was the last province to end prohibition (1948). (This article is a plain-language summary of prohibition in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Prohibition in Canada.)

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