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Article

Art Conservation and Restoration

Art Conservation and Restoration, see Conservation of Movable Cultural Property.
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Article

Art Dealers

Art dealers in Canada have served as art dealers everywhere, not only as sellers of art but as tastemakers. Since they act as a link between the work of art and the art-buying public, they have an important role in the identification of who is important in Canadian art.
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Article

Art Education

William Berczy, circa 1781-82, watercolour (courtesy NGC). Art Education Art Education is a term that has referred historically to the intensive training given to artists for professional or personal purposes. The three principal contexts for this instruction have been within the apprenticeship system, in specialized institutions such as art academies or art schools, and, more recently, as an aspect of a wider curriculum offered in colleges, arts and crafts schools, universities and private educational institutions....
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Article

Art Illustration

The earliest printed image relating to Canada is a bird's-eye view of Hochelaga and environs, published by Giovanni Ramusio in Venice in 1556. This fanciful view owes more to the unknown artist's preconceptions about the nature of the country surrounding the future Montreal than to his immediate source, Jacques Cartier’s written description of his visit to the Haudenosaunee community in 1535.
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Article

Art Ross Trophy

The Art Ross Trophy is awarded annually to the player who leads the National Hockey League (NHL) in scoring points during the regular season. If there is a tie at the end of the season, the trophy is awarded to the player with the most goals. The trophy was donated in 1948 by Arthur Howey Ross, general manager of the Boston Bruins. Several players have won the award multiple times, including Wayne Gretzky (10 times), Gordie Howe, Mario Lemieux and Connor McDavid (6), Phil Esposito and Jaromir Jagr (5), Stan Mikita (4), and Bobby Hull, Guy Lafleur and Nikita Kucherov (3).
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Article

Art Writing and Criticism

Art Writing and Criticism date for the most part from the 1950s.
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Article

Artemis II

Artemis II was an astronaut moon mission that flew in 2026. Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut Jeremy Hansen and three NASA astronauts flew around the far side of the moon to test the Orion spacecraft for future moon missions. Funding for the robotic Canadarm3 system paid for Hansen’s participation on the flight. CSA astronaut Jenni Gibbons served as Hansen’s backup and communicated with the astronauts during the lunar flyby. The mission served as an example of international collaboration and included other contributions from Canada such as the development of an exercise flywheel and space-friendly food.
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Article

Arthritis

The word "arthritis "comes from the Greek arthron"joint" and itis "inflammation".
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Article

Arthritis Society

The Arthritis Society is the only registered nonprofit agency in Canada devoted solely to funding and promoting arthritis research, patient care and public education. The Canadian Arthritis and Rheumatism Society, as the society was called until 1977, was founded on 14 October 1947.
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Article

Arthropoda

Arthropoda is a phylum of bilaterally symmetrical animals having external skeletons (exoskeletons), multisegmented bodies and paired, jointed appendages. Including spiders, mites, crustaceans, centipedes and insects, they are practically ubiquitous and comprise 75 per cent of known animal species (over 923,000 species worldwide; over 33,670 in Canada).
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Article

Section 23 and Francophone Education outside of Quebec

Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ensures the right to instruction in French or English to the children of the francophone and anglophone minority communities in all of Canada’s provinces. Section 23 allows francophones to establish French-language school boards in each of the majority-anglophone provinces. Thanks to this key provision of the Charter, francophones outside of Quebec and anglophones in Quebec can pursue their education in their own language.
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Macleans

Artificial Heart Developed

This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on January 25, 1999. Partner content is not updated. Before the end of this year, Ottawa heart surgeon Dr. Wilbert Keon hopes to open the chest of a patient whose heart has reached a state of "terminal failure" and install a shiny plastic-encased object a little larger than a mans fist.
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Article

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Canada

The term artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the capacity of a machine to simulate or exceed intelligent human activity or behaviour. It also denotes the subfield of computer science and engineering committed to the study of AI technologies. With recent advancements in digital technology, scientists have begun to create systems modelled on the workings of the human mind. Canadian researchers have played an important role in the development of AI. Now a global leader in the field, Canada, like other nations worldwide, faces important societal questions and challenges related to these potentially powerful technologies. Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.
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Macleans

Artificial Mini-Hearts Developed

Medicine's holy grail might be whirring away at a lab outside San Francisco, Calif. where, in rows of containers, tiny rotary pumps relentlessly speed a clear liquid solution through a tube.
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Article

Artiodactyla

Artiodactyla is an order of even-toed mammals that walk on their toenails (unguis). This and the other order of hoofed mammals, the Perissodactyla, are collectively called ungulates. The order Artiodactyla contains 195 species of predominantly herbivorous mammals grouped into families that contain pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, mouse deer, deer, giraffes, pronghorns, and the family that contains cattle, sheep, goats and bison.
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