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Article

Foundations (Music)

As defined by F. Emerson Andrews, president emeritus of the Foundation Center in New York, a foundation is "a non-governmental, non-profit organization with funds and program managed by its own trustees or directors and established to maintain or aid social, educational, charitable, religious or other activities serving the common welfare". (See also Canadian Foundations.)
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Article

Four Major Insect Pests of Forests in Canada

Many insects are considered pests to Canada’s forests, meaning they cause significant ecological or economic damage to forest ecosystems. These species can injure trees in various ways, including boring through wood, eating leaves, and introducing pathogens to trees. These stressors can cause economic damage by reducing the amount of wood fibre that can be harvested and can sometimes negatively impact the ecosystem. While some of these pests have been recently introduced to Canadian forests from other parts of the globe, the majority of insect forest pests in Canada are native species. Under ordinary conditions, these species are natural sources of disturbance and diversity that can help to maintain healthy forests over long periods. However, human-mediated factors such as climate change, the introduction of non-native species, and biodiversity loss have more recently worsened the impacts that certain species can have on Canadian forests. Below is a list of just a few of the many such insects impacting Canadian forests, along with the estimated area of forest, in hectares, that a population outbreak defoliated or killed as well as the year that outbreak occurred.
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Macleans

Four RCMP Officers Killed In Grow Op Raid

This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on March 14, 2005. Partner content is not updated.
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Article

Four Seasons Hotels Ltd.

Four Seasons Hotels Ltd., headquartered in Toronto, owns and manages luxury hotels and resorts worldwide. Architect and builder Isadore Sharp founded the company in 1960.
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Article

Fowler Bauld & Mitchell (FBM)

Fowler Bauld & Mitchell Ltd. (FBM) is an architectural firm in practice since 1917, making it one of the oldest in Canada.
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Article

Fowler's Toad

The Fowler’s toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) is a medium-sized, earthen-coloured toad that is native to Eastern North America. In Canada, Fowler’s toads are only found in a few small areas along the north shore of Lake Erie. This species lives in places with sandy or gravelly soils into which individuals can burrow; Fowler’s toads spend much of their time underground. Due to small and declining populations, the Fowler’s toad is endangered in Canada.
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Article

Foxes in Canada

The fox is a small, carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family. Four species are present in Canada: the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the swift fox (Vulpes velox), the grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). Red and Arctic foxes have a circumpolar distribution, whereas grey and swift foxes are only present in the Americas. Red foxes are the provincial mammal of Prince Edward Island.
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Article

Fracking

Hydraulic fracturing is a technique used in oil and natural gas production. It releases otherwise irrecoverable resources from certain geological formations by injecting water and additives at high pressure into the ground to create microfractures in the rock. Hydrocarbons can then flow through these fractures into a well. It has become controversial because of concerns that the technique, and well-drilling activity associated with its use, threatens groundwater, surface water, air quality, and other environmental values. Common in Alberta’s oil patch since the 1970s, the practice expanded greatly in this century, triggering gas rushes in British Columbia and Saskatchewan and resistance in several other provinces.
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Article

French Music in Canada

Of all Western countries, with the possible exception of the United Kingdom, France has had the chief and most persistent influence on the development of music in Canada. The French, arriving at the beginning of the 17th century, were the first Europeans to colonize the country.
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Article

Right to Vote in Canada

The term franchise denotes the right to vote in elections for members of Parliament, provincial legislatures and municipal councils. The Canadian franchise dates from the mid-18th-century colonial period. At that time, restrictions effectively limited the right to vote to male property holders. Since then, voting qualifications and the categories of eligible voters have expanded according to jurisdiction. These changes reflect the evolution of Canada’s social values and constitutional requirements.
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Article

Franco-Canadian Folk Music

French colonists brought their customs, way of life and music with them to the shores of the St Lawrence.
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Article

Franco-Canadian Folk Music

Written literature tends to be the work of a relatively affluent intellectual elite. This is the reason why literature made its appearance in Canada only when the historical circumstances became favourable.
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Article

Francophonie and Canada

The term francophonie has been in common use since the 1960s. It has several meanings. In its most general sense, it refers to all peoples and communities anywhere in the world that have French as their mother tongue or customary language. The term can also refer to the wider, more complex network of government agencies and non-government organizations that work to establish, maintain and strengthen the special ties among French-speaking people throughout the world. Lastly, the expression “La Francophonie” is increasingly used as shorthand for the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (International Organisation of La Francophonie).
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Article

Frank Slide

At 4:10 AM on 29 April 1903, 74 million tonnes of rock crashed down the east slope of Turtle Mountain in the Crowsnest Pass region of Alberta
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Editorial

Frank Slide: Canada's Deadliest Rockslide

The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.
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