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  • Article

    Reserves in Ontario

    There are 207 reserves in Ontario, held by 127 of Ontario’s 128 First Nations (see also First Nations in Ontario). (Beaverhouse First Nation, first recognized by the federal government as a First Nation in 2022, does not have reserve land.) In 2020, there were 221,822 registered Indians living in Ontario, about 44 per cent of whom lived on reserves. Reserves in Ontario are held by Anishinaabe, Cree, Oji-Cree, Haudenosaunee, Delaware and Algonquin peoples.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesON/20327884431_97b2474144_c.jpg Reserves in Ontario

  • Article

    Reserves in Quebec

    There are 30 reserves in Quebec, held by 25 of the province's 40 First Nations (see also First Nations in Quebec). In addition, there are 14 Inuit, 9 Cree and 1 Naskapi community whose lands fall under the jurisdiction of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and the Northeastern Quebec Agreement. Because they are not governed by the Indian Act, these communities are technically not reserves. There are also five First Nations in Quebec that do not have reserve lands (Long Point First Nation, Communauté anicinape de Kitcisakik, Wolf Lake First Nation, Montagnais de Pakua Shipi and Nation MicMac de Gespeg). This is the largest number of First Nations without reserve land of any province. Finally, the Mohawk Council of Akwesasne has a reserve that is partly in Quebec, Ontario and New York state. As of 2020, there were 92,762 registered Indians in Quebec, 64 per cent of whom live on reserve.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesinQC/Powwow.jpg Reserves in Quebec

  • Article

    Reserves in Saskatchewan

    Saskatchewan is home to at least 70 First Nations and various Métis communities. It contains 782 reserves, settlements and villages, many of which are located in the southern half of the province. Reserves in Saskatchewan were created between 1874 and 1906 by Treaties 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10. As of 2016, 47.5 per cent of the province’s 114,570 self-identified First Nations peoples live on reserves, a percentage comparable to the province of Manitoba. Most of the remaining 47 per cent who reside off-reserve in Saskatchewan live in the cities of Saskatoon, Regina and Prince Albert.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesSK/Flag of Thunderchild First Nation.jpg Reserves in Saskatchewan

  • Article

    Reserves in the Northwest Territories

    There are two reserves in the Northwest Territories. In addition, of the territory’s remaining 32 communities, 28 have a majority Indigenous population. Dene, Inuvialuit and Métis people are the primary Indigenous groups living in these communities. The territory’s two reserves are Hay River Dene 1, held by the Kátł’odeeche First Nation, and Salt River No. 195, held by the Salt River First Nation (see also First Nations in the Northwest Territories). The Northwest Territories differs from much of southern Canada, where several provinces have hundreds of reserves, and where large percentages of First Nations people live in these communities. While Treaty 8 and Treaty 11 — which taken together cover most of the territory — provided for reserves, none were created in the years immediately following their signing. The reasons for the limited number of reserves in such a large region are rooted in a complicated history.

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  • Article

    Reserves on Prince Edward Island

    There are four reserves on Prince Edward Island, held by two First Nations (see also First Nations on Prince Edward Island). Three of these reserves, Morell, Rocky Point and Scotchfort, are held by Abegweit First Nation, while Lennox Island is held by Lennox Island First Nation. PEI is just one of two provinces, the other being Nova Scotia, that is part of the traditional territory of only one Indigenous people. In both cases, it is the Mi'kmaq. Of PEI’s 1,405 registered Mi'kmaq (2021), 615 live on the four reserves. The reserves vary in size from less than 1 km 2 to 5.4 km2. Both Lennox Island and Abegweit First Nations are headed by Chiefs, who are required to live on-reserve, and Councillors, who may live on- or off-reserve. Elections are held in a three-year and four-year cycle, respectively. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ReservesonPEI/LennoxIslandChildren.jpg Reserves on Prince Edward Island

  • Article

    Residential Schools in Canada

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Although the first residential facilities were established in New France, the term usually refers to schools established after 1880. Residential schools were created by Christian churches and the Canadian government as an attempt to both educate and convert Indigenous youth and to assimilate them into Canadian society. However, the schools disrupted lives and communities, causing long-term problems among Indigenous peoples. The last residential school closed in 1997. Since then, former students have demanded recognition and restitution, resulting in the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement in 2007 and a formal public apology by Prime Minister Stephen Harper in 2008. In total, an estimated 150,000 First Nation, Inuit, and Métis children attended residential schools. (See also Inuit Experiences at Residential School; Métis Experiences at Residential School.) This article is a full-length entry about residential schools in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Residential Schools in Canada (Plain Language Summary).

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  • search.types.interactivemap

    Residential Schools in Canada Interactive Map

    The map below indicates the location of many residential schools in Canada. Click on individual points to learn a school’s name, religious denomination, opening and closing dates, and any other names by which the school was known. This map does not reflect every residential school that operated in the country. It only includes schools listed in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement and a similar agreement reached for survivors of schools in Newfoundland and Labrador. This means that schools that operated without the support of the federal government — as in schools run by a province, a religious order, or both — are not included on this map. Day schools, where many Indigenous students experienced treatment similar to that described at residential schools, are also not included.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/ResidentialSchoolMap/ResidentialSchoolMapScreenGrab.png Residential Schools in Canada Interactive Map

  • Article

    Resistance and Residential Schools

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that many Indigenous children were forced to attend. They were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Indigenous parents and children did not simply accept the residential-school system. Indigenous peoples fought against – and engaged with – the state, schools and other key players in the system. For the duration of the residential-school era, parents acted in the best interests of their children and communities. The children responded in ways that would allow them to survive.

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  • Article

    Resolute

    Resolute, Nunavut, incorporated as a hamlet in 1987, population 198 (2021 census), 183 (2016 census). The Hamlet of Resolute is located on the south coast of Cornwallis Island in the Arctic Archipelago, near the middle of the Northwest Passage. It is the second most northern community in both Nunavut and Canada and is far enough North that the sun never sets in the summer.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/resolute/Resolute.jpg Resolute

  • Article

    Restigouche River

    Restigouche River (Ristigouche in Québec), 200 km long, rises in the highlands of northwestern New Brunswick as the Little Main Restigouche River.

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  • Article

    Revelstoke

    Revelstoke, British Columbia, incorporated as a city in 1899, population 7,547 (2016 census), 7,139 (2011 census). The city of Revelstoke is situated on the Columbia River between the Selkirk and Monashee mountains. It is on the Trans-Canada Highway at the western entrance to Rogers Pass and Mount Revelstoke and Glacier national parks. Revelstoke is located on the traditional territory of the Ktunaxa, Sinixt, Secwepemc and Okanagan peoples. (See also Interior Salish.)

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  • Macleans

    Revelstoke Avalanche Deaths Raise Questions About Backcountry Safety

    RICH MARSHALL, back from a therapeutic ski trek with his wife, Abby Watkins, sits at the kitchen table of their home in Golden, B.C., attempting to describe the godawful choices thrust upon them on Feb. 1 by chance, by training and, as they see it, by a duty to help.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on February 17, 2003

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Revelstoke Avalanche Deaths Raise Questions About Backcountry Safety

  • Article

    Rexton

    Rexton, NB, incorporated as a village in 1966, population 818 (2011c), 862 (2006c). The Village of Rexton is located in southeastern New Brunswick, at the mouth of the Richibucto River.

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  • Article

    Richmond

    Richmond, British Columbia, incorporated as a city in 1990, population 209,937 (2021 census), 198,309 (2016 census). The City of Richmond is located adjacent to and south of Vancouver and west of New Westminster. The city comprises Sea Island, most of Lulu Island and 12 smaller islands in the delta of the Fraser River. Due to its culturally diverse populace, the city provides many services in different languages. Vancouver International Airport is located in Richmond.

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  • Article

    Richmond Hill

    Richmond Hill, Ontario, is a city 23 km north of Lake Ontario, population 202,022 (2021 census), 195,022 (2016 census). It is one of nine municipalities that make up the Regional Municipality of York. The city is bordered by Aurora to the north, Whitchurch-Stouffville to the east, Markham to the east and south, Vaughan to the west and south, and King Township to the west. Richmond Hill became an incorporated village in 1872, changing status to town in 1957, and city in 2019. The modern borders were established in 1971 from the Town of Richmond Hill, as well as parts of King, Vaughan, Whitchurch and Markham Townships. Throughout history, the Richmond Hill area has been home to different Indigenous groups, namely the Huron Wendat, Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabeg. The land is covered by Treaty 13 and the Williams Treaties.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/RichmondHill/DowntownRichmondHill.jpg Richmond Hill