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  • Article

    Nursing Sisters and the Costs of War on Women

    We celebrate the heroism and mourn the sacrifices of our military through two world wars, and assorted other foreign conflicts and peacekeeping missions. Yet less attention has been paid to the related efforts of women — in particular, the nurses who have built their own proud tradition of service and sacrifice.

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  • Article

    Nuxalk (Bella Coola)

    The Nuxalk are an Indigenous people in Canada. Their traditional territories are in and around Bella Coola, British Columbia. The term "Bella Coola" once referred collectively to the Nuxalk, Talio, Kimsquit and some Kwatna who inhabited villages around North Bentinck Arm and the Bella Coola Valley, South Bentinck Arm, Dean Channel and Kwatna Inlet. Since the late 1970s, the Nuxalk have called themselves the Nuxalk Nation, derived from the term that in earlier times referred exclusively to the people of the Bella Coola Valley. In November 2025, the Government of Canada reported the registered population of Nuxalk was 1,852, with 926 people living on reserve. (See also First Nations and Northwest Coast Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/f1d6e60c-9c3c-4aaf-a418-f354cdc47d83.jpg Nuxalk (Bella Coola)

  • Article

    Octave Chatillon

    Octave Chatillon. Violinist, pianist, organist, composer, playwright, b Quebec City 12 Apr 1831, d Nicolet, near Trois-Rivières, Que, 18 Jan 1906. He took his academic studies at the Séminaire de Québec while also studying music, probably with Antoine Dessane.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Octave Chatillon

  • Article

    Octave Crémazie

    Octave Crémazie, baptized Claude-Joseph-Olivier, poet, bookseller (b at Québec, Lower Canada 16 Apr 1827; d at Le Havre, France 16 Jan 1879).

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Octave Crémazie

  • Article

    Octave-Henri Julien

    Octave-Henri Julien, painter, illustrator (born on 14 May 1852 in Quebec City, QC; died 17 Sept 1908 in Montreal). During his lifetime, he was widely renowned in Québec, Canada and France.

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  • Article

    Octavia Grace Ritchie

    Octavia Grace Ritchie, married name England, physician, educator (b at Montréal 16 Jan 1868; d there 1 Feb 1948). Though a brilliant student, she was at first refused admission to McGill, but Principal Sir J.W. DAWSON relented when Donald A. SMITH provided $50,000 for women's education there.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Octavia Grace Ritchie

  • Article

    Odawa

    Odawa (or Ottawa) are an Algonquian-speaking people (see Indigenous Languages in Canada) living north of the Huron-Wendat at the time of French penetration to the Upper Great Lakes. A tradition of the Odawa, shared by the Ojibwa and Potawatomi, states that these three groups were once one people. The division of the Upper Great Lake Algonquians apparently took place at Michilimackinac, the meeting point of lakes Huron and Michigan. The Odawa, or "traders," remained near Michilimackinac, while the Potawatomi, "Those-who-make-or-keep-a-fire," moved south, up Lake Michigan. The Ojibwa (Ojibwe), or "To-roast-till-puckered-up," went northwest to Sault Ste Marie.

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  • Article

    Odds

    Odds, a Vancouver rock group formed in November 1987 by Craig Northey (guitar, vocals), Steven Drake (guitar, vocals), Doug Elliot (bass) and Paul Brennan (drums).

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Odds

  • Article

    Odette Beaupré

    Odette Beaupré. Mezzo-soprano, b Rivière-du-Loup, Que, 5 Apr 1952. After studies at the CMQ with Marguerite Pâquet, Rolande Dion, and Janine Lachance, she had further training with Marlena Malas and Bonne Hamilton.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Odette Beaupré

  • Article

    Odette de Foras

    Odette de Foras. Soprano, teacher, b Savoie, France, ca 1895, d Calgary 31 Dec 1976 or 1 Jan 1977. She spent her youth in Paris and at the Château de Thuyset, near Lake Geneva. With her family, she settled ca 1903 in High River, south of Calgary.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Odette de Foras

  • Article

    Offenbach

    One of Québec’s most influential and popular rock bands, the progressive blues-rock group Offenbach have been credited with successfully adapting the French language to the hard rhythms of American rock. 

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Offenbach

  • Article

    Chief Electoral Officer of Canada

    The Chief Electoral Officer of Canada (CEO) is an officer of Parliament. They oversee Elections Canada, the non-partisan agency that administers Canada’s federal elections and referendums. The position was created in 1920 under the Dominion Elections Act. The goal was to put an end to political partisanship in the administration of federal elections. Before 1920, election officials were appointed by the governing regime of the day. The role is now independent of the government, or any political parties. The Chief Electoral Officer is appointed by a resolution of the House of Commons. The CEO reports directly to the House. The CEO can only be removed for cause, by the governor general following a joint meeting of the House of Commons and the Senate.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3fcad776-7e8d-47da-86aa-c77b5a9d2744.jpg Chief Electoral Officer of Canada

  • Article

    Official Languages Act (1988) (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Official Languages Act of 1969 made English and French the two official languages in Canada. The Official Languages Act of 1988 offered more detail about how the policies of bilingualism should be put into practice. It highlighted the responsibilities of federal institutions with respect to official languages in Canada. An important goal of the Official Languages Act is to ensure the equality of English and French in federal institutions and in Canadian society. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Official Languages Act of 1988. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry on The Official Languages Act (1988).)

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Official Languages Act (1988) (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Ofra Harnoy

    Ofra Harnoy, cellist (b at Hadera, Israel 31 Jan 1965). 

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  • Article

    Ofra Harnoy

    Harnoy premiered the newly discovered Cello Concerto in G by Offenbach with the Cincinnati SO in 1983, and gave the North American premiere of the Bliss Cello Concerto in Santa Barbara, Cal in 1984.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/bd478ea0-a00c-450d-8d0f-d4846ca13d66.jpg Ofra Harnoy