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  • Article

    Canada’s Cold War Purge of 2SLGBTQ+ from Public Service

    Between the 1950s and the 1990s, the Canadian government responded to national security concerns generated by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union by spying on, exposing and removing suspected 2SLGBTQ+ individuals from the federal public service and the Canadian Armed Forces. They were cast as social and political subversives and seen as targets for blackmail by communist regimes seeking classified information. These characterizations were justified by arguments that people who engaged in same-sex relations suffered from a “character weakness” and had something to hide because their sexuality was considered a taboo and, under certain circumstances, was illegal. As a result, the RCMP investigated large numbers of people. Many of them were fired, demoted or forced to resign — even if they had no access to security information. These measures were kept out of public view to prevent scandal and to keep counter-espionage operations under wraps. In 2017, the federal government issued an official apology for its discriminatory actions and policies, along with a $145-million compensation package.

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  • Timelines

    2SLGBTQ+ History

    To understand the history of 2SLGBTQ+ people in Canada is to understand the process by which an oppressed and persecuted minority group can overcome prejudice and discrimination to achieve legal equality and recognition of their inherent human rights. After being criminalized and stigmatized for centuries, the 2SLGBTQ+ communities in Canada have used sustained political, legal and grassroots activism to gradually but steadily gain rights. (See also Rights Revolution in Canada.) While discrimination against 2SLGBTQ+ people...

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  • Article

    2SLGBTQ+ Refugees in Canada

    2SLGBTQ+ refugees face unique challenges when they flee persecution in their home countries and come to Canada to seek protection. Many countries in the world continue to criminalize and prosecute members of the 2SLGBTQ+ community. Canada has been a leader in recognizing 2SLGBTQ+ refugee claims and resettling refugees fleeing persecution based on their sexual orientation and gender identity.

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  • Collection

    2SLGBTQ+ Communities in Canada

    This collection features articles and resources about 2SLGBTQ+ communities in Canada.

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  • Macleans

    Daniel Libeskind (Profile)

    DURING A RECENT lecture at Toronto's ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, Daniel Libeskind took the podium and ran away with it.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on May 26, 2003

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Daniel Libeskind (Profile)

  • Article

    Lida Baday

    Lida Baday, fashion designer (b at Hamilton, Ont 31 July 1957). Cited by the Globe and Mail as Canada's premier womenswear designer, Baday graduated from the fashion program at RYERSON POLYTECHNICAL UNIVERSITY in 1979.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Lida Baday

  • Article

    Commissioners of the Northwest Territories

    For more information on territorial politics, see Northwest Territories. Commissioners Term Gerald W. Kisoun 2024-present Margaret Thom 2017-24 George L. Tuccaro 2010-16 Anthony W.J. Whitford 2005-10 Glenna Hansen 2000-05 Daniel Joseph Marion 1999-2000 Helen Maksagak 1995-99 Daniel L. Norris 1989-94 John Havelock Parker 1979-89 Stuart Milton Hodgson 1967-79 Bent G. Sivertz 1963-67 R. Gordon Robertson 1953-63 Hugh A. Young 1950-53 Hugh L. Keenleyside 1947-50 Charles Camsell 1936-46 Hugh H. Rowatt 1931-34 William W. Cory 1919-31...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Alberta

    For more information on provincial politics, see Politics in Alberta. Lieutenant-Governors Term Salma Lakhani 2020-present Lois E. Mitchell 2015-20 Donald S. Ethell 2010-15 Norman L. Kwong 2005-2010 Lois E. Hole 1999-2005 Horace Andrew (Bud) Olson 1996-99 Thomas Gordon Towers 1991-96 Helen Hunley 1985-91 Frank Lynch-Staunton 1979-85 Ralph Garvin Steinhauer 1974-79 John W. Grant MacEwan 1965-74 John Percy Page 1959-65 John James Bowlen 1950-59 John Campbell Bowen 1937-50 Philip Carteret Primrose 1936-37 William Legh Walsh 1931-36...

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/981404f6-b074-404b-9715-2b0a3a170de4.jpg Lieutenant-Governors of Alberta

  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of British Columbia

    For more information on provincial politics see Politics in British Columbia. Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Wendy Lisogar-Cocchia ​2025-present Janet Austin 2018-25 Judith Guichon 2012-18 Steven Point 2007-12 Iona V. Campagnolo 2001-07 Garde Gardom 1995-2001 David See-Chai Lam 1988-95 Robert Gordon Rogers 1983-88 Henry Pybus Bell-Irving 1978-83 Walter Stewart Owen 1973-78 John Robert Nicholson 1968-73 George Randolph Pearkes 1960-68 Frank MacKenzie Ross 1955-60 Clarence Wallace 1950-55 Charles Arthur Banks 1946-50 William Culham Woodward 1941-46 Eric Werge Hamber 1936-41...

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg.png Lieutenant-Governors of British Columbia

  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of New Brunswick

    For more information on provincial politics see Politics in New Brunswick. Lieutenant-Governors Term Louise Imbeault 2025-present Brenda Murphy 2019-25 Jocelyne Roy Vienneau 2014-19 Graydon Nicholas 2009-14 Herménégilde Chiasson 2003-09 Marilyn Trenholme Counsell 1997-2003 Margaret Norrie McCain 1994-97 Gilbert Finn 1987-94 George Francis Gillman Stanley 1981-87 Hédard Joseph Robichaud 1971-81 Wallace Samuel Bird 1968-71 John Babbit McNair 1965-68 Joseph Leonard O'Brien 1958-65 David Laurence MacLaren 1945-58 William George Clark 1940-45 Murray MacLaren 1935-40 Hugh Havelock McLean...

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/05daaabb-c43e-4b05-b388-4fab4bb649e3.jpg Lieutenant-Governors of New Brunswick

  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador

    For more information on provincial politics, see Politics in Newfoundland and Labrador. Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Joan Marie J. Aylward ​2023-present ​Judy Foote ​2018-23 Frank F. Fagan 2013-18 John Crosbie 2008-13 Edward Moxon Roberts 2002-08 Arthur Maxwell House 1997-2002 Frederick William Russell 1991-97 James McGrath 1986-91 W.A. Paddon 1981-86 Gordon A. Winter 1974-81 Ewart J.A. Harnum 1969-74 Fabian O'Dea 1963-69 Campbell L. Macpherson 1957-63 Leonard Outerbridge 1949-57 Albert Walsh 1949 

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Nova Scotia

    For more information on provincial politics, see Politics in Nova Scotia. Lieutenant-Governors Term Mike Savage 2024-present Arthur J. LeBlanc 2017-24 John James Grant 2012-17 Mayann E. Francis 2006-12 Myra A. Freeman 2000-06 John James Kinley 1994-2000 Lloyd Roseville Crouse 1989-94 Alan Rockwell Abraham 1984-89 John Elvin Schaffner 1978-84 Clarence L. Gosse 1973-78 Victor de Bedia Oland 1968-73 Henry Poole MacKeen 1963-68 Edward Chester Plow 1958-63 Alistair Fraser 1952-58 John Alexander McCurdy 1947-52 Henry Ernest Kendall...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Prince Edward Island

    For more information on provincial politics, see Politics on Prince Edward Island. Lieutenant-Governors Term Dr. Wassim Salamoun 2024-present Antoinette Perry 2017-24 H. Frank Lewis 2011-17 Barbara A. Hagerman 2006-11 J. Léonce Bernard 2001-06 Gilbert R. Clements 1995-2001 Marion L. Reid 1990-95 Lloyd McPhail 1985-90 Joseph A. Doiron 1980-85 Gordon L. Bennett 1974-80 J. George MacKay 1969-74 William J. Macdonald 1963-69 F.W. Hyndman 1958-63 T. William L. Prowse 1950-58 Joseph A. Bernard 1945-50 Bradford Lepage 1939-45...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Quebec

    For more information on provincial politics see Politics in Quebec. Lieutenant-Governors Term Manon Jeannotte 2024-present J. Michel Doyon 2015-24 Pierre Duchesne 2007-15 Lise Thibault 1997-2007 Jean-Louis Roux 1996-97 Martial Asselin 1990-96 Gilles Lamontagne 1984-90 Jean-Pierre Côté 1978-84 Hugues Lapointe 1966-78 Paul Comtois 1961-66 Onésime Gagnon 1958-61 Gaspard Fauteux 1950-58 Eugène Fiset 1939-50 Esioff-Léon Patenaude 1934-39 Henry George Carroll 1929-34 Sir Jean-Lomer Gouin 1929 Narcisse Perodeau 1924-29 Louis-Philippe Brodeur 1923-24 Sir Charles Fitzpatrick 1918-23 Pierre-Laurent LeBlanc...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Saskatchewan

    For more information on provincial politics see Politics in Saskatchewan. Lieutenant-Governor Term Bernadette McIntyre 2025-present Russell Mirasty 2019-25 W. Thomas Molloy 2018-19 Vaughn Solomon Schofield 2012-18 Gordon L. Barnhart 2006-12 Lynda Maureen Haverstock 2000-06 John E. N. Wiebe 1994-2000 Sylvia Olga Fedoruk 1988-94 Fred W. Johnson 1983-88 Cameron Irwin McIntosh 1978-83 George Porteous 1976-78 Stephen Worobetz 1970-76 Robert Leith Hanbidge 1963-70 Frank Lindsay Bastedo 1958-63 William John Patterson 1951-58 John Michael Uhrich 1948-51 Reginald Marsden...

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