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  • Article

    Powley Case

    R. v. Powley was a legal case concerning Métis hunting rights in Canada. In 1993, the province of Ontario charged Steve and Roddy Powley with illegal hunting. The Powleys disputed their conviction, arguing that the Aboriginal rights enshrined in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 protected their hunting rights as Métis people. The case concluded in 2003, when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Powleys were, in fact, exercising lawful Métis hunting rights. The Powley case established criteria on who can legally qualify for Métis rights. It outlined 10 specific criteria, known as the Powley Test, which applies to Métis communities across Canada. The case also clarified that the Métis are a distinct people, separate from First Nations and Inuit peoples in Canada. Some legal experts believe the Powley case might lead to expanded Métis rights, including harvesting and fishing rights and possibly self-government.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4de10db1-6b8b-45ef-a60a-55998c7afca0.jpg Powley Case

  • Article

    Pre-Dorset

    Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest permanent human habitation in the Eastern North American Arctic began roughly 5,000 years ago. These first humans of the North American Arctic are referred to as the “Palaeo-Inuit.” They likely crossed the Bering Strait from Chukotka (northeastern Siberia). Inuit oral histories call the earliest people of the Arctic “Tuniit”. The Palaeo-Inuit lived for thousands of years until roughly 700 years ago. They are culturally and genetically distinct from early Inuit. Early Inuit are sometimes called “Thule” and are direct ancestors of modern Inuit. However, research on the Palaeo-Inuit and Inuit is ongoing and may change.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/PreDorset/Figure3RaisedBeachRidgeIllustration.jpg Pre-Dorset

  • Article

    Prem Watsa

    V. Prem Watsa, CM, businessman, investor (born 7 August 1950, in Hyderabad, India). Watsa emerged from modest beginnings to found and develop one of the most prominent financial holding companies in Canada, Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd., of which he is chairman and chief executive officer. Fairfax is engaged in property and casualty insurance and reinsurance, as well as investment management. Among the companies Fairfax either owns, or owns enough shares to give it controlling interest, are Sporting Life, William Ashley, and Prime Restaurants, which has many chains including East Side Mario’s. Fairfax also has investments and owns insurance and other companies in Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Brazil, Poland, Malaysia, Singapore, Barbados and Hong Kong. In 2016, it had revenues of $12.3 billion and held $58.3 billion in assets. Watsa is sometimes called Canada’s Warren Buffett for his shrewd investment practices. According to Forbes, he had an estimated net worth of over $1.08 billion (as of 2017) and was ranked the 31st wealthiest Canadian.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/943ac83e-6ec9-43dd-abe4-65b1c8c10001.jpg Prem Watsa

  • Article

    Preston Pablo

    Preston Pablo, singer, songwriter (born 30 April 2001 in Timmins, ON). Filipino Canadian pop and R&B star Preston Pablo is perhaps best known for his quadruple platinum hit song “Flowers Need Rain.” It earned him the 2023 Juno Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year, as well as nominations for Single of the Year and the TikTok JUNO Fan Choice award. Pablo was also featured in the global Punjabi hit “Admirin’ You” by singer-songwriter Karan Aujla and the charity recording of Serena Ryder’s “What I Wouldn’t Do (North Star Calling).”

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Preston_Pablo.jpg Preston Pablo

  • Article

    Princess Alice Countess of Athlone

    Her Royal Highness Princess Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline of Albany, Countess of Athlone, viceregal consort of Canada from 1940 to 1946 (born 25 February 1883 in Berkshire, United Kingdom; died 3 January 1981 in London, United Kingdom). Princess Alice promoted Canadian culture and women’s contributions to the Second World War. She was the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria and the last member of the royal family to serve as viceregal consort of Canada. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/5a83a9d8-0a85-44ec-8588-86613a13befd.jpg Princess Alice Countess of Athlone

  • Article

    Sheila Na Geira

    According to legend, Sheila Na Geira (also spelled NaGeira and Nagira) was an Irish aristocrat or princess who, 300 or 400 years ago, while travelling between France and Ireland, was captured by a Dutch warship and then rescued by British privateers. She fell in love and was married to one of the privateers, Lieutenant Gilbert Pike. They settled at western Conception Bay. By the early 20th century, the legend was being told as part of Newfoundland’s oral tradition, and has since been popularized by poems, novels, scholarly articles and several plays.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/dreamstime_resize_33120989-2.jpg Sheila Na Geira

  • Article

    Qaqaq Ashoona

    Qaqaq Ashoona (also known as Kaka), hunter, sculptor (born 18 August 1928 in Ikerrasak camp, Baffin Island, NT [now NU]; died 2 November 1996 in Cape Dorset, NT [now Kinngait, NU]). Elder son of Inuit artist Pitseolak Ashoona, Qaqaq Ashoona is a central figure in this remarkable creative family which includes his brothers Kiawak and Kumwartok (sculptors), sister Napatchie Pootoogook (graphic artist), as well as wife Mayureak (sculptor and graphic artist) and son Ohitok (sculptor). He began his artistic career at age 18. His sculptures have achieved recognition for the sense of monumentality and strength he gave to animal and human subjects alike.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/c0bb89a2-48a0-45f0-a18f-afa7c6424682.JPG Qaqaq Ashoona

  • Article

    Qitdlarssuaq

    Qitdlarssuaq (also known as Qillarsuaq or Qillaq), Inuit leader and angakkuq (shaman) (born in southeastern Baffin Island, NT; died in 1875 near Cape Herschel, NT).

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  • Article

    Quakers

    The Quakers (properly The Religious Society of Friends) are a body of Christians that arose out of the religious ferment of mid-17th century Puritan England. Founder George Fox (1624-91) was the son of a Leicestershire weaver.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Quakers

  • Article

    Quebec Film History: 1970 to 1989

    This entry presents an overview of Québec cinema, from the burgeoning of a distinctly Québec cinema in the 1970s, to the production explosion that followed Denys Arcand’s Le déclin de l’empire américain (1986). It highlights the most important films, whether in terms of box office success or international acclaim, and covers both narrative features and documentaries. It also draws attention to an aspect of filmmaking that still has difficulty finding its place: women's cinema.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/aa8cc00a-320d-4447-bb88-20c45fede6e0.jpg Quebec Film History: 1970 to 1989

  • Macleans

    Rabin Assassinated

    "I have always believed that the majority of the people want peace, and are ready to take a risk for it," Yitzhak Rabin told a crowd of 100,000 at a peace rally last Saturday night in Tel Aviv. With those words, the Israeli prime minister wrote his own epitaph.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on November 13, 1995

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Rabin Assassinated

  • Article

    Racial Segregation of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

    Racial segregation is the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community or establishment. Historically, the racial segregation of Indigenous peoples in Canada has been enforced by the Indian Act, reserve system, residential schools, and Indian hospitals, among other programs. These policies interfered with the social, economic, cultural and political systems of Indigenous peoples, while also paving the way for European settlement across the country. The segregation of Indigenous peoples in Canada must be understood within the history of contact, doctrines of discovery and conquest, and ongoing settler colonization.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/e2fc5e7b-a9d8-44b1-9ad2-d3eb4b918457.jpg Racial Segregation of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

  • Article

    Raffi

    Raffi Cavoukian, CC, OBC, singer-songwriter, guitarist (born 8 July 1948 in Cairo, Egypt). Raffi has released almost 30 albums and published over a dozen books over the course of his career, selling more than a million albums in Canada and nearly twenty million albums worldwide. “Baby Beluga,” “Apples and Bananas,” and “Shake My Sillies Out” are among Raffi's most popular children's songs. Raffi was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1983 and was promoted to Companion in 2025. He was inducted into the Order of British Columbia in 2001.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/RaffiSpeaking.jpg Raffi

  • Article

    Ralph Cecil Horner

    Ralph Cecil Horner, evangelist, church leader (b in Pontiac County, Canada E 22 Dec 1854; d at Ivanhoe, Ont 12 Sept 1921). After a short, stormy career as Methodist minister, he founded and led a series of HOLINESS CHURCHES.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Ralph Cecil Horner

  • Article

    Ramón Pelinski

    Ramón Pelinski, musicologist, teacher, pianist (born 31 August 1932 in Corpus, Misiones, Argentina; died 6 July 2015). L PH (Córdoba) 1959, MA musicology (Munich) 1967, PH D musicology (Munich) 1969.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Ramón Pelinski