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  • Article

    Nuclear Power Plants

    Nuclear power plants have been used in Canada since the early 1960s to produce electricity commercially. In 2024, approximately 15% of the country’s electricity was procured by nuclear energy. The province of Ontario is home to three of Canada’s five plants, with the other two located in Quebec and New Brunswick, respectively. The Quebec plant (Gentilly-2 Nuclear Facility) ceased operations in December 2012. The full decommissioning process is scheduled to end in 2074.  

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  • Article

    Nuclear Research Establishments

    The research company of Atomic Energy of Canada LTD (AECL) operates 2 major nuclear energy research centres in Canada: Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL), and Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE). 

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  • Article

    Numbered Treaties

    The Numbered Treaties were a series of 11 treaties made between the Crown and First Nations from 1871 to 1921. The Numbered Treaties cover the area between the Lake of the Woods (northern Ontario, southern Manitoba) to the Rocky Mountains (northeastern British Columbia and interior Plains of Alberta) to the Beaufort Sea (north of Yukon and the Northwest Territories). The treaties provided the Crown with land for industrial development and white settlement. In exchange for their traditional territory, government negotiators made various promises to First Nations, both orally and in the written texts of the treaties. These include special rights to treaty lands and the distribution of cash payments, hunting and fishing tools, farming supplies, and the like. These terms of agreement are controversial and contested. To this day, the Numbered Treaties have ongoing legal and socio-economic impacts on Indigenous communities. (See also Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) (This is a full-length entry about the Numbered Treaties. For a plain-language summary, please see Numbered Treaties (Plain-Language Summary.) 

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  • Article

    Numbered Treaties (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Numbered Treaties are a series of 11 treaties. A treaty is an agreement between two or more nations. The Numbered Treaties were signed by the Canadian government and Indigenous people. All 11 treaties were signed between 1871 and 1921. The Numbered Treaties cover parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario. They also cover portions of Yukon and the Northwest Territories. The treaties provided the Canadian government with land. The government wanted land for industrial development and white settlement. In exchange, the government promised Indigenous people special rights and benefits. These treaty terms are controversial and contested. The Numbered Treaties have ongoing legal, social, and economic impacts on Indigenous communities. (See also Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) (This is a plain-language summary of the Numbered Treaties. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Numbered Treaties.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/4f1d71aa-8b25-417f-a88b-2a078f3b1768.jpg Numbered Treaties (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Nunavut and Confederation

    Nunavut — meaning "our land" in the Inuit language Inuktitut — entered Confederation in 1999 as Canada's third territory and newest member of the country.

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  • Article

    Nursery School

    Nursery School, as part of early childhood education, refers to group experience for 3 and 4 year olds and includes DAY CARE as well as various types of "nursery" programs.

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  • Macleans

    Nurses Defy Quebec Government

    Under a hazy sky, Helen Beath clutched a placard on the picket line outside Montreal General Hospital. Even though she retired in May after 43 years of nursing, Beath returned to the hospital last week to support her former colleagues.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on July 12, 1999

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  • Article

    Nursing

    Marie Rollet Hébert [Hubou] has been credited with being the first person in what is now Canada to provide nursing care to the sick. The wife of Louis HÉBERT, a surgeon-apothecary, she arrived in Québec in 1617 and assisted her husband in caring for the sick.

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  • Article

    Nuthatch

    The nuthatch (Sittidae) family consists of small, tree-climbing birds with a short tail, pointed bill and long, sturdy toes and claws. Nuthatches eat invertebrates and seeds, and often store seeds in crevices in bark. Hard-shelled seeds are hammered open in such crevices, hence the name "nuthatch." They often associate in mixed-species feeding flocks with chickadees. Nuthatch vocalizations consist of nasal sound calls. 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/nuthatch/red-breasted-nuthatch-on-feeder.jpg Nuthatch

  • Macleans

    NWT Miner Guilty of Murder

    For 15 agonizing weeks, the three women sat in the Yellowknife courtroom in a row directly behind Crown prosecutor Peter Martin.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on January 30, 1995

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  • Article

    Nylon and the Second World War

    Nylon was patented in 1938 and became commercially available in 1939. The fabric quickly became popular among consumers, particularly women, replacing silk as the fabric of choice for stockings. During the Second World War, the fabric was in high demand for military products such as parachutes, tents and shoelaces. This led to strict control of nylon by Canada’s Wartime Industries Control Board. Women either did without nylon stockings, painting their legs instead, or purchased them on the black market. After the war, demand for nylon stockings skyrocketed.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/NylonSWW/Parachute.jpg Nylon and the Second World War

  • Article

    “O Canada”

    “O Canada” is Canada’s national anthem. Originally called “Chant national,” it was written in Quebec City by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier (French lyrics) and composer Calixa Lavallée (music), and first performed there on 24 June 1880. It began to be sung widely in French Canada at that time and later spread across Canada in various English-language versions, of which the best-known was written by Robert Stanley Weir in 1908. The lyrics of this version were amended several times over the years, with the most recent changes occurring in February 2018; the French lyrics have been shortened but otherwise remain unaltered from the original. “O Canada” was approved as Canada’s national anthem by a Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on 15 March 1967. It was officially adopted as Canada’s national anthem under the National Anthem Act on 27 June 1980. The Act was proclaimed by Governor General Edward Schreyer in a public ceremony on Parliament Hill on 1 July 1980.

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  • Article

    Oak Trees in Canada

    The oak (Quercus) is a genus of trees and shrubs of the beech family (Fagaceae). Of the around 500 species found worldwide, 75–80 are native to North America and 12 to Canada. Canadian species largely grow locally in Ontario and eastward, except for the Garry oak, found only in British Columbia, and the bur oak, which occurs as far west as Saskatchewan. In Canada, oaks are usually divided into two groups: red oaks (northern red, Shumard, black, bear, pin and northern pin) and white oaks (white, Garry, bur, swamp white, chinquapin and dwarf chinquapin). These trees usually have lobed leaves of variable shapes and sizes. The acorns, produced in large quantities, are important to the diets of various wild animals. Known for its strength and longevity, the oak has been the symbol of several peoples and is often referred to in literature. Prince Edward Island designated the northern red oak as its provincial tree. Known for its versatility and longevity, the oak is often referred to as “the tree of life.”

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  • Article

    Oakes Case (R v. Oakes)

    In R v. Oakes (1986), David E. Oakes was accused of possession of drugs for the purpose of trafficking. The Supreme Court of Canada concluded that section 8 of the Narcotic Control Act runs counter to the presumption of innocence enshrined in section 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Section 8 states that if a person is found in possession of a drug, he is presumed to have intended to traffic in it. This constitutes a limitation of rights and freedoms that cannot be justified in a free and democratic society, according to section 1 of the Charter. This judgement is the most important to date by the Supreme Court concerning section 1 of the Charter.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/c813762a-d4db-4a05-b769-18eb4e9b7957.jpg Oakes Case (R v. Oakes)

  • Article

    Oats

    Oats (Avena sativa), member of the grass family (Gramineae), are grown for cereal grains.

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