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  • Article

    Liberal Party of Canada

    The centre-left Liberal Party of Canada has dominated federal politics for much of Canada’s history. Its formula for success, developed under the leadership of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, is to straddle the political centre. Liberals have formed numerous governments and provided Canada with 10 prime ministers. They include William Lyon Mackenzie King, Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Trudeau. Due to their electoral dominance, the Liberals are sometimes seen as Canada’s “natural governing party.” But the party has also experienced defeat and internal divisions. After the Sponsorship Scandal in the early 2000s, the party spent a decade in the political wilderness. In October 2015, the Liberals surged from third place to first in the House of Commons, winning a majority government under Justin Trudeau. The Liberals then won two consecutive minority governments in 2019 and 2021 before Trudeau resigned in early 2025. He was replaced as leader and prime minister by former Bank of Canada and Bank of England governor Mark Carney, who was elected with a minority government on 28 April 2025.

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  • Article

    Liberalism

    Long before the political label was coined in 19th-century Spain, liberalism existed as a body of thought dedicated to the proposition that the individual is the unit of supreme value in society.

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    https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Liberalism

  • Article

    Liberation of the Netherlands

    In the final months of the Second World War, Canadian forces were given the important and deadly task of liberating the Netherlands from Nazi occupation. From September 1944 to April 1945, the First Canadian Army fought German forces on the Scheldt estuary — opening the port of Antwerp for Allied use — and then cleared northern and western Netherlands of Germans, allowing food and other relief to reach millions of desperate people. More than 7,600 Canadian soldiers, sailors and airmen died fighting in the Netherlands. Today, Canada is fondly remembered by the Dutch for ending their oppression under the Nazis.

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  • Article

    Libertarianism in Canada

    Libertarianism is a political philosophy (or group of political philosophies). For libertarians, individual freedom is a core political value. Thus, individuals should be free to act as they want, as long as their actions do not interfere with the liberty and rights of others.

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  • Article

    Libraries

    The earliest libraries in Canada were private collections belonging to immigrants from Europe. The first known library belonged to Marc Lescarbot, a scholar and advocate who came to Port-Royal in 1606. 

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  • Article

    Music at the Library and Archives Canada

    Library and Archives Canada. Federal government department established in 2004; formerly National Library of Canada and Public (later National) Archives of Canada.

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  • Article

    Library and Information Science

    Library and Information Science, which encompasses all aspects of information management and library operations, is an organized graduate course of studies taught at the university level and producing practitioners with a recognized professional qualification.

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  • Article

    Library of Parliament

    The Library of Parliament came into being when the legislative libraries of Upper and Lower Canada were amalgamated in 1841 and situated in Montréal. In 1849 only 200 of the 12,000 books were saved when an angry mob protesting the Rebellion Losses Bill set fire to the Parliament Buildings.

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  • Article

    Lichen

    Lichen is a dual organism composed of fungi living in close association with green algae or Cyanobacteria. As composite organisms, they cannot be formally classified within a single kingdom. Names applied to lichens are those of the fungal component of the association because, with few exceptions, each recognizable lichen is the product of a different species of "lichen fungus." However, the algal species involved in the lichen consortium might be found in a number of different lichens.

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governor

    The lieutenant-governor combines the monarchical and the federal principle in provincial governments. Although the lieutenant-governor is appointed by the Governor General on the prime minister's advice, in the words of an 1892 decision by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a lieutenant-governor "is as much the representative of Her Majesty, for all purposes of provincial government, as the Governor-General himself is for all purposes of Dominion Government."

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  • Article

    Commissioners of the Northwest Territories

    For more information on territorial politics, see Northwest Territories. Commissioners Term Gerald W. Kisoun 2024-present Margaret Thom 2017-24 George L. Tuccaro 2010-16 Anthony W.J. Whitford 2005-10 Glenna Hansen 2000-05 Daniel Joseph Marion 1999-2000 Helen Maksagak 1995-99 Daniel L. Norris 1989-94 John Havelock Parker 1979-89 Stuart Milton Hodgson 1967-79 Bent G. Sivertz 1963-67 R. Gordon Robertson 1953-63 Hugh A. Young 1950-53 Hugh L. Keenleyside 1947-50 Charles Camsell 1936-46 Hugh H. Rowatt 1931-34 William W. Cory 1919-31...

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    Lieutenant-Governors of British Columbia

    For more information on provincial politics see Politics in British Columbia. Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Wendy Lisogar-Cocchia ​2025-present Janet Austin 2018-25 Judith Guichon 2012-18 Steven Point 2007-12 Iona V. Campagnolo 2001-07 Garde Gardom 1995-2001 David See-Chai Lam 1988-95 Robert Gordon Rogers 1983-88 Henry Pybus Bell-Irving 1978-83 Walter Stewart Owen 1973-78 John Robert Nicholson 1968-73 George Randolph Pearkes 1960-68 Frank MacKenzie Ross 1955-60 Clarence Wallace 1950-55 Charles Arthur Banks 1946-50 William Culham Woodward 1941-46 Eric Werge Hamber 1936-41...

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Coat_of_arms_of_British_Columbia.svg.png Lieutenant-Governors of British Columbia

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    Lieutenant-Governors of Manitoba

    For more information on provincial politics, see Politics in Manitoba. Lieutenant-Governors Term Anita Neville 2022-present Janice C. Filmon 2015-22 Philip Lee 2009-15 John Harvard 2004-09 Peter M. Liba 1999-2004 Yvon Dumont 1993-99 George Johnson 1986-93 Pearl B. McGonigal 1981-86 Francis L. Jobin 1976-81 John W. McKeag 1970-76 Richard S. Bowles 1965-70 Errick F. Willis 1960-65 John S. McDiarmid 1953-60 Roland F. McWilliams 1940-53 William J. Tupper 1934-40 James D. McGregor 1929-34 Theodore A. Burrows 1926-29...

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/316b2dc2-7b32-4125-9417-bbecd843f730.jpg Lieutenant-Governors of Manitoba

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    Lieutenant-Governors of New Brunswick

    For more information on provincial politics see Politics in New Brunswick. Lieutenant-Governors Term Louise Imbeault 2025-present Brenda Murphy 2019-25 Jocelyne Roy Vienneau 2014-19 Graydon Nicholas 2009-14 Herménégilde Chiasson 2003-09 Marilyn Trenholme Counsell 1997-2003 Margaret Norrie McCain 1994-97 Gilbert Finn 1987-94 George Francis Gillman Stanley 1981-87 Hédard Joseph Robichaud 1971-81 Wallace Samuel Bird 1968-71 John Babbit McNair 1965-68 Joseph Leonard O'Brien 1958-65 David Laurence MacLaren 1945-58 William George Clark 1940-45 Murray MacLaren 1935-40 Hugh Havelock McLean...

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/05daaabb-c43e-4b05-b388-4fab4bb649e3.jpg Lieutenant-Governors of New Brunswick

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    Lieutenant-Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador

    For more information on provincial politics, see Politics in Newfoundland and Labrador. Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Joan Marie J. Aylward ​2023-present ​Judy Foote ​2018-23 Frank F. Fagan 2013-18 John Crosbie 2008-13 Edward Moxon Roberts 2002-08 Arthur Maxwell House 1997-2002 Frederick William Russell 1991-97 James McGrath 1986-91 W.A. Paddon 1981-86 Gordon A. Winter 1974-81 Ewart J.A. Harnum 1969-74 Fabian O'Dea 1963-69 Campbell L. Macpherson 1957-63 Leonard Outerbridge 1949-57 Albert Walsh 1949 

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