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Ford Case

In the Ford case (1988), the Supreme Court of Canada declared that sections 58 and 69 of the Charter of the French Language (Law 101), which required the exclusive use of French in commercial signs and the style of firm names, were incompatible with subsection 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and section 3 of the Québec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Freedom of expression included the freedom to choose the...
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Article

Ford Motor Company of Canada Limited

Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited, with head offices in Oakville, Ontario, is a major manufacturer and distributor of automobiles in Canada. First incorporated in Ontario in 1904, the Canadian company was reincorporated in 1911.
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Article

Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is assistance from rich, industrialized countries to poorer, developing countries. Since the 1950s Canada has been distributing cash, goods and services to poorer nations around the world. In 2012 the federal government's foreign aid spending totalled $5.67 billion (2.
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Article

Foreign Enlistment Act

The British, and later Canadian, Foreign Enlistment Acts prohibited service in foreign militaries and recruitment for those foreign militaries. Despite these legal prohibitions, Canadians have often served in large numbers in foreign militaries, such as 35,000 to 50,000 volunteers in the American Civil War, 1,700 volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, and more than 30,000 volunteers in the Vietnam War. Very few Canadians have been prosecuted for either foreign military service or recruiting, and all examples identified occurred during the American Civil War.
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Article

Foreign Investment

Foreign Investment in Canada is both direct (made to manage and control actual enterprises) and portfolio (made only for the interest or dividends paid, or the possible capital gain to be achieved). The amount of both types is very large, with the consequence that a considerable amount of the Canadian economy is controlled by foreigners.
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Foreign Investment Review Agency

The Foreign Investment Review Agency was a federal agency formed by Parliament in 1973 as a result of concerns about foreign presence in the Canadian economy.
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Forest

A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense and extensive tree cover. It includes not only trees but also shrubs, vines, herbs, mosses, microorganisms, insects, and vertebrate animals that interact with each other and with their environment. This complex pattern of life is a system in delicate balance. Natural or human-caused alterations may trigger far-reaching and sometimes disastrous changes.
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Article

Forest Economics

Container seedlings such as this white spruce are grown in greenhouses and planted in March or June (courtesy Alberta Forest Service).Forest Economics FOREST economics is the application of economic principles to a wide range of subjects extending from management of the various forest resources through the processing, marketing and consumption of forest products. Forest economics has much in common with AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, but although the latter discipline has an established academic history in Canada, no...
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Article

Forest Fires in Canada

A forest fire is a moving combustion reaction, spreading outwards in a band from its ignition point, leaving burned-out forest behind it. On average, about 6,000 forest fires occur annually in Canada.
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Article

Forest Harvesting

Forest harvesting involves cutting trees and delivering them to sawmills, pulp mills and other wood-processing plants. Its practical components include road construction, logging and log transportation.
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Article

Forest Ranger

The term "ranger" probably has its origins in the North American wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. At the time, the land was heavily forested and armies developed special combat units of woodsmen and marksmen to carry out reconnaissance as well as surprise and diversionary raids.
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Article

Forest Regions in Canada

A forest region is defined as a major geographic belt or zone characterized by a broad uniformity both in physiography and in the composition of the dominant tree species. Canada can be divided into eight forest regions. Sometimes tundra and grasslands are included as forest regions nine and ten, but they are not real forests.
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Forest Survey

Foresters use forest surveys to obtain information on the condition of the FOREST and monitor any changes, since there are not only surveys of standing trees, but also surveys after logging as well as forestry surveys aimed at prescribing treatments.
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Article

Forestry

Forestry is the science and practice of caring for forests. Both the meaning and practice of forestry in Canada have evolved over time.
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Article

Forestry Education

Throughout the late 1980s and the 1990s, there was a tremendous evolution of FORESTRY in Canada and around the world. Forestry became increasingly important for both the ECONOMY and the ENVIRONMENT, and the practice of forestry became more complex.
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