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William Sharlow (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Sharlow (Primary Source)

William Sharlow served in the Royal Canadian Artillery during the Second World War.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.


William Drinkwater (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Drinkwater (Primary Source)

During the Second World War, William Drinkwater commanded a heavy truck platoon in No. 47 Army Transport Company, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC) in Northwest Europe. He joined the army in February 1941. Previously a cub reporter for the Ottawa Citizen, his typing skills qualified him for typing Part I and Part II Orders, which he did at Camp Borden, Ontario for 28 months. At Drinkwater’s request, he was sent on officer training and became a RCASC lieutenant. He went overseas to England, then to the European continent to 1st Canadian Reinforcement Unit. Drinkwater then joined the Winnipeg-based No. 47 Transport Company, part of the 1st Canadian Corps. Towards the end of the war, as a captain Drinkwater was a staff learner at Headquarters, 1st Canadian Army.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

William Alvin Lake (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Alvin Lake (Primary Source)

William Lake served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. 

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

William Barry Needham (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Barry Needham (Primary Source)

William Needham served in the Air Force during the Second World War. 

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

William Austin Byrnes (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Austin Byrnes (Primary Source)

William A. Byrnes served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

William Tenhaaf (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Tenhaaf (Primary Source)

William Tenhaaf was born in Holland and volunteered to serve in the Second World War in 1941 at age 21. First training as an infantry officer, he was transferred to intelligence due to his multilingualism and joined 1st Canadian Army HQ Intelligence in Antwerp. He worked in battle intelligence, translating documents, studying German Intelligence (Civil) Operations in Holland. He recognized the build-up for the battle of the Bulge (Ardennes) as early as November 25. After VE Day, he worked to identify war criminals and specialized in the surrender of German 'green' police.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.


William Talbot (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Talbot (Primary Source)

William Talbot served with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion during the Second World War, one the Allied paratrooper units that landed behind enemy lines in advance of the larger invasion force into Normandy on D-Day, 6 June 1944.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

COVID-19 Vaccines
Article

COVID-19 Vaccines

In early 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated, it seemed very unlikely that a safe and effective vaccine could be developed and deployed within one to two years. A vaccine had never been developed against a new virus during a pandemic, and there was no approved vaccine yet to prevent a coronavirus infection in humans. Despite this, the first COVID-19 vaccine was approved in December 2020, about a year after the first cases were reported. By July 2021, there were more than 30 COVID-19 vaccines authorized for public use by at least one national regulatory authority. This was possible because of decades of research on coronaviruses and vaccine technology — particularly in the use of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) — significant government investment, and unprecedented cooperation between governments and university research labs, pharmaceutical firms and international health organizations. Several Canadian scientists were involved in key elements of the research that led to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna.

Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.

William Manning (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Manning (Primary Source)

William Manning is a Korean War veteran who went overseas with 2nd Battalion, Le Royal 22e Régiment (2R22eR). He was a member of the battalion's Intelligence Section and served under Lieutenant-Colonel Jacques Dextraze, commanding officer, 2R22eR in Korea.

Content warning: This article contains content which some may find offensive or disturbing.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.


Extinct Animals in Canada
List

Extinct Animals in Canada

As of May 2021, 18 animal species once found in Canada are now extinct, according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). The committee’s definition of a wildlife species includes taxonomic categories as well as geographically distinct populations. For example, the Atlantic salmon appears on COSEWIC’s list of at-risk species 15 times, as there are 15 populations of Atlantic salmon in Canada facing different threats to their survival. Similarly, when one of these populations goes extinct — as was the case for Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario in 1898 — there are specific, cascading effects for the ecosystem that the population belongs to. Communities may lose fishing opportunities and other animals may lose a source of food. Though the Atlantic salmon is an example of a species with populations still observable in the wild, this list of 18 also includes animals that no longer exist anywhere on the planet, such as the sea mink or great auk. The reasons for the extinction of these animals range from overhunting to predation from invasive species to,­ in the case of the Eelgrass limpet, a plight of slime mould.

Sam Ross (Primary Source)
Memory Project

Sam Ross (Primary Source)

Sam Ross served in the Second Canadian Infantry Division of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry during the Second World War.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.


William Vradenburg (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Vradenburg (Primary Source)

William (Bill) Vradenburg joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1944 just in time to finish the war doing convoy duty for nine months between St. Johns, NL and Londonderry, Northern Ireland. He trained aboard the HMCS Star and the HMCS Stadacona, and later served on the HMCS Capilano.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.


Frog Species in Canada
Article

Frog Species in Canada

Frogs are amphibians belonging to the order Anura. Worldwide, frogs are the most numerous group of amphibians, with more than 5,000 living species. They are found on all continents except Antarctica. There are 24 species of frog currently found in Canada. In addition, one species, the Blanchard’s cricket frog, is extirpated. This means that, while it continues to live in other parts of its range, it is no longer found in Canada. Five of Canada’s frog species are toads, which are frogs belonging to the family Bufonidae.

While most frog species in Canada are found in the southern reaches of the country, a few, for example the boreal chorus frog, have ranges extending into Yukon and the Northwest Territories, and in the case of the wood frog, Nunavut.

Ron Davies (Primary Source)
Memory Project

Ron Davies (Primary Source)

Ron Davies served in the British Parachute Regiment during the Second World War.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

Toad Species in Canada
Article

Toad Species in Canada

Toad is a common name for frogs belonging to the family Bufonidae. The distinction is not firm, but the word toad is generally applied to frogs with relatively short legs and thick bodies, dry, often “warty” skin and reduced webbing between the toes. Five toad species are found in Canada, living in drier habitats than most other frogs. In Canada, other frogs commonly called toads are the Plains and Great Basin spadefoots (family Scaphiopodidae).

For more general information about frogs (including toads) see Frog Species in Canada.

William Leland Berrow (Primary Source)
Memory Project

William Leland Berrow (Primary Source)

William Berrow served as a dispatch rider with the 69th Tank Transport Company during the Second World War.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.

Ron Beal (Primary Source)
Memory Project

Ron Beal (Primary Source)

During the Second World War, Ron Beal and his regiment were taken as prisoners of war by the Germans after the Dieppe Raid in 1942.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.


Winifred Ivy Gracie Field (Primary Source)
Memory Project

Winifred Ivy Gracie Field (Primary Source)

Winifred Field served in the British Auxiliary Territorial Service during the Second World War.

Please be advised that Memory Project primary sources may deal with personal testimony that reflect the speaker’s recollections and interpretations of events. Individual testimony does not necessarily reflect the views of the Memory Project and Historica Canada.