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  • Article

    Canada Child Benefit (CCB)

    A family or child allowance is a monthly government payment to families with children. The intent of the payment is to help cover the costs of child rearing. The Family Allowance, Canada's first universal welfare program, began in 1945. Benefits were awarded without regard to the family's income or assets, based on the idea that all children are worthy of public support. Since the 1980s, however, such payments have been increasingly targeted to low-income and middle-income families. The allowance was restructured and renamed the Canada Child Benefit (CCB) in 2016. Since then, the CCB has boosted Canada’s GDP by 2.1 per cent per year. This makes it one of the country’s most effective poverty-reduction programs. Along with the Canada Pension Plan and Employment Insurance, the CCB is one of the largest cash-transfer programs in the country. In the 2023–24 fiscal year, the CCB paid approximately $27 billion to Canadian households.

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  • Article

    Family Compact

    The term Family Compact is an epithet, or insulting nickname; it is used to describe the network of men who dominated the legislative, bureaucratic, business, religious and judicial centres of power in Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) from the early- to mid-1800s. Members of the Family Compact held largely conservative and loyalist views. They were against democratic reform and responsible government. By the mid-19th century, immigration, the union of Upper and Lower Canada, and the work of various democratic reformers had diminished the group’s power. The equivalent to the Family Compact in Lower Canada was the Château Clique.

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  • Article

    Family Court

    Family Court, the common name of courts established by provincial statutes to administer FAMILY LAW. Judges are appointed by the provincial government.

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  • Article

    Family Law in Canada

    Family law is critical to most Canadians as it governs relationships between spouses, and between parents and their children. In family law, marriage and divorce fall under federal jurisdiction but most other issues, including adoption and matrimonial property disputes, fall under provincial laws that vary widely. Traditional family structures have changed significantly over time, with increasing numbers of same-sex and common law relationships, and growing divorce rates. This has led to intense debates over the future of family law, court challenges and provincial reviews of legislation.

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  • Article

    Family Studies

    Family and relationships are important to most people, yet because they seem "natural" or are taken for granted, many people rarely think of them as an area of study and professional practice.

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  • Article

    Family Violence

    Since the 1970s, there has been an increased awareness that crimes of violence are not only perpetrated by strangers in public places. Research has uncovered a large amount of violent criminal behaviour that occurs between intimates in private locations, such as the home.

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  • Article

    Famous Five

    Alberta’s “Famous Five” were petitioners in the groundbreaking Persons Case. The case was brought before the Supreme Court of Canada in 1927. It was decided in 1929 by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Canada’s highest appeals court at the time. The group was led by judge Emily Murphy. It also included  Henrietta Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney and Irene Parlby. Together, the five women had many years of active work in various campaigns for women’s rights dating back to the 1880s and 1890s. They enjoyed a national — and in the case of McClung, an international — reputation among reformers.

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  • Article

    Fanshawe College

    Fanshawe College of Applied Arts and Technology. Community college founded in London, Ont, in 1967. In 1964, the provincial government created Ontario Vocational Centres with a mandate of providing specialized training in technical, arts, and social science based fields.

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  • Editorial

    Far Out on the Left Coast: British Columbia's Sense of Isolation and Belonging

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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  • Macleans

    Farewell to Montreal Forum

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on March 18, 1996. Partner content is not updated. Yvon Lambert cherishes the memory of it still, the magic moment when he briefly wore the crown. Like so many Montreal fables, it is a story about hockey. And like most hockey stories in the city, it happened at the Forum, on a warm evening in May 17 years ago.

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  • Article

    Farm Credit Canada

    Farm Credit Canada (FCC), known as the Farm Credit Corporation until 2001, was established under the Farm Credit Act of 1959. FCC is Canada's largest agricultural term lender and is dedicated  to serving the financial needs of Canadian farmers. FCC is a Crown corporation that reports to the Canadian Parliament through the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food. (See also Department of Agriculture.) 

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  • Article

    Farm Drainage

    Drainage problems are caused by an excess of water at the SOIL surface or in the root zone.

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  • Article

    Farm Law

    In Canada more than 90% of farm businesses are family-owned operations; these operations involve about one million people.

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  • Article

    Farm Radio Forum

    Farm Radio Forum, 1941-65, was a national rural listening-discussion group project sponsored by the Canadian Association for Adult Education, the Canadian Federation of Agriculture and CBC.

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  • Article

    Farm Silo

    Farm silos are storage structures for silages and high-moisture grains used for livestock feeds. Silos are a common fixture in livestock and mixed-farming operations across Canada.

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