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Article

Encounters with Canada

Encounters with Canada (EWC), was the country’s largest youth forum, bringing up to 3,200 youth to Ottawa throughout the year for week-long sessions to learn about national history, culture and institutions. This bilingual program was created in 1982 to promote youth leadership and knowledge of Canada by visiting national capital institutions, participating in events and meeting with prominent guest speakers. As of 2006, EWC was managed by the not-for-profit heritage organization Historica Canada (formerly the Historica Foundation). When EWC closed in 2021 more than 113,000 young people had participated in the program.
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Article

Encyclopedia of Music in Canada

The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada was the first music encyclopedia published in Canada. It comprises more than 3,100 articles and 500 illustrations. It includes biographies of Canadian musicians and histories of music organizations in Canada. Topics that are covered include Inuit music, piano building, awards, education, instrument collections, folk music, the music scenes in Canadian cities and Canada's musical relations with other national cultures. Bibliographies, discographies and lists of compositions are included. Because of its role in documenting Canada's musical history, the EMC is a standard reference work for schools, libraries and musicians.
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Article

Endangered Animals in Canada

Many animals in Canada face the risk of extinction. Animals are put at risk for several reasons, including: climate change, the loss of forest and grassland to cities and agriculture, hunting, fishing, and the pollution of lakes and rivers. As of 2026, 587 animal species are at risk in Canada, according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. In addition, 21 are extirpated and 25 extinct. The committee’s definition of a wildlife species includes taxonomic categories as well as geographically distinct populations. For example, the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) is included in the list of at risk animal species six times, as there are six different populations facing different threats to their survival.
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Article

Endangered Plants in Canada

A species is endangered if there are threats to its survival. Plants are put at risk for several reasons, including: climate change and the loss of natural habitat to cities, agriculture and industry. In Canada, these activities threaten entire natural ecosystems, such as older forests and Prairie grasslands. As of 2026, 240 plant species (including mosses) are at risk in Canada, according to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. In addition, four are extirpated and one is extinct. The committee’s definition of a wildlife species includes taxonomic categories as well as geographically distinct populations. For example, the bent spike-rush (Eleocharis geniculate) is included on the list of at risk plant species twice, as there are two different populations, one in British Columbia and one in Ontario, facing different threats to their survival. (See also Endangered Animals in Canada.)
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Macleans

Endangered Species Protection

Grant Fahlman, 51, has lived his whole life on the farm 25 km southeast of Regina where his family settled when they came from Russia in 1889, and this year was the first in his memory that no burrowing owls raised their broods in his pasture.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on December 20, 1999
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Article

Endive

Endive, or escarole (Cichorium endivia), herbaceous biennial vegetable belonging to the Compositae family.
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Article

Energy

The term "energy" is often used interchangeably with the term "power," but incorrectly so. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work and is measured in joules (J) or watt hours (1 Wh = 3600 J).
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Collection

Energy in Canada

In the broadest sense of the word, energy is a substance’s capacity to do work or produce an effect, such as burning coal to create heat. Canada is home to vast quantities of both renewable (e.g., wind) and non-renewable energy sources (e.g., oil). This collection gathers all of The Canadian Encyclopedia’s articles relating to energy, from various types to the means by which they are sourced.
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Macleans

Energy Alternatives Getting Insufficient Government Support

CANADIANS ARE now committed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol, even though Ottawa may not have a well-developed plan. But Dean Scammell does, and he's a good six years ahead of the government. In 1999, Scammell started building his 2,400-sq.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on February 28, 2005
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Article

Energy in Society

Energy plays a unique and critical role in the world; no activity of any kind (no "work") can take place without the movement or conversion of energy.
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Article

Energy Policy

Energy policy comprises government measures concerned with the production, transportation and use of energy commodities. Governments may adopt energy policies to meet goals such as economic growth, the distribution of income, industrial diversification and the protection of the ENVIRONMENT.
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Article

Energy Resources Conservation Board

Established by the Government of Alberta in 1938 and known first as the Petroleum and Natural Gas Conservation Board.
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Article

Enfranchisement

Enfranchisement was the most common of the legal processes by which Indigenous peoples lost their Indian Status under the Indian Act. This is the full-length entry about Enfranchisement. For a plain language summary, please see Enfranchisement (Plain Language Summary).
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Article

Enfranchisement (Plain-Language Summary)

Throughout much of Canadian history, a First Nations person would lose their Indian status if they were enfranchised. An enfranchised person is someone who has the right to vote in elections. A First Nations person who is deemed a Status Indian has certain rights and benefits granted to them through the Indian Act. (This article is a plain-language summary of Enfranchisement. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry Enfranchisement).
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Article

Engineering

To some extent, the history of engineering is the history of humanity's progress in using tools and observations on the nature of matter to overcome physical limitations and to modify, harness and control the natural environment.
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