Nature & Geography | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Plant Disease

    Plant disease can decrease the economic, aesthetic and biological value of all kinds of plants. Plant pathology (phytopathology) is the study of the nature, causes, prevention and socioeconomic aspects of plant diseases.

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    Traditional Plants and Indigenous Peoples in Canada

    Indigenous peoples in what is now Canada collectively used over a 1,000 different plants for food, medicine, materials, and in cultural rituals and mythology. Many of these species, ranging from algae to conifers and flowering plants, remain important to Indigenous communities today. This knowledge of plants and their uses has allowed Indigenous peoples to thrive in Canada’s diverse environments. Many traditional uses of plants have evolved to be used in modern life by Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples alike. (See also Indigenous Peoples’ Medicine in Canada.)

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  • Article

    Plate Tectonics

    Plate tectonics is the theory proposing that Earth’s outer rocky shell is divided into seven major and several smaller rigid plates. Forces generated by heat losses from the planet’s interior constantly move the plates about. Plate movements, ongoing over millions of years (see Geological History), open and close ocean basins, generate volcanoes, raise mountains, facilitate accumulation of mineral and petroleum deposits, and influence evolution and climate change. Friction between plates prevents steady motion and stores energy that is released in sudden movements, causing earthquakes. This article is the full-length entry about plate tectonics. For a plain-language summary, please see Plate Tectonics (Plain-Language Summary).

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    Plate Tectonics (Plain-Language Summary)

    Plate tectonics is the theory that rocky plates divide Earth’s surface. The plates move as Earth releases heat from its interior. The movement of plates creates volcanoes and mountains and causes earthquakes. This article is a plain-language summary of Plate Tectonics. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Plate Tectonics.

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  • Article

    Platinum

    Platinum (Pt) is the best known of the 6 greyish-white, metallic, platinum group elements, which also include palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os) and ruthenium (Ru). Platinum and palladium are more commonly used than the other elements in the group.

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    Plover

    Plover is the common name for a family (Charadriidae) of shorebirds with 2 subfamilies: Charadriinae, including true plovers; and Vanellinae, including lapwings.

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  • Article

    Plum

    Plum is a common name for certain members of genus Prunus of the rose family, which produce a smooth-skinned, elliptical, heart-shaped, oblong, ovate or round fruit with a flat seed.

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    Pocket Gopher

    Pocket Gopher (Geomyidae), family of medium-sized, solitary, nonhibernating, subterranean rodents.

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    Pocket Mouse

    Pocket Mouse, small, jumping rodent of the North American family Heteromyidae.

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  • Article

    Poison Ivy

    Poison ivy plants can spread by underground stems or seeds. Most are small shrubs (0.5-1 m tall); others are vinelike plants, 15 m or longer, supported by aerial roots. Shrubby forms are sometimes called poison oak.

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  • Article

    Poisonous Plants

    Toxic PropertiesToxic reactions generally are caused by chemical compounds that are produced by plants or absorbed from soil. These compounds produce undesirable physiological responses in individuals or animals.

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    Polar Bear

    The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is the largest living species of bear. They are found throughout the circumpolar Arctic. In Canada, this means polar bears live in parts of the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Manitoba,Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. Polar bears are both culturally and economically significant to the Inuit. As climate change continues to reduce their sea ice habitat, polar bears are increasingly threatened.

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    Pollution

    Pollution can be defined as the release of any material, energy or organism that may cause immediate or long-term harmful effects to the natural ENVIRONMENT. Pollution was viewed initially as the unsightly mess or visible environmental damage resulting from careless disposal of various materials.

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    Pollution Probe Foundation

    Pollution Probe was formed in 1969 by a group of University of Toronto students in an effort to address some of the environmental issues that were without a champion at the time. The organization became a registered charity in 1971.

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  • Article

    Pondweed

    Pondweed is a common name for members of the family Potamogetonaceae [Gk potamos, "river"], which consists of the genus Potamogeton.

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