Government | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Macleans

    House of Lords Reform

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on November 22, 1999. Partner content is not updated. By the Queen's Robing Room inside the Palace of Westminster, there is a small, sedate chamber they call the Norman Porch. It is populated entirely with busts of past luminaries of the House of Lords, each of whom has served as British prime minister.

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  • Article

    Imperialism

    Support for the British Empire and imperialism was strong in much of Canada in the decades after Confederation. But gradually, imperialist loyalties declined and Canadians demanded and won full autonomy within the empire.

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  • Article

    Indigenous Services Canada

    Indigenous Services Canada (part of the former Indigenous/Indian and Northern Affairs Canada or INAC) was created by the federal government in 2017 to provide and support the delivery of services such as health care, child care, education and infrastructure to First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities. The overarching vision of the department is to support self-determination as a means of providing Indigenous peoples with the power to deliver their own services.

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  • Article

    Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada

    In 1953 and 1955, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, acting as representatives of the Department of Resources and Development, moved approximately 92 Inuit from Inukjuak, formerly called Port Harrison, in Northern Quebec, and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), in what is now Nunavut, to settle two locations on the High Arctic islands. It has been argued that the Government of Canada ordered the relocations to establish Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic, and proposed to Inuit the move, promising improved living conditions. The Inuit were assured plentiful wildlife, but soon discovered that they had been misled, and endured hardships. The effects have lingered for generations. The Inuit High Arctic relocations are often referred to as a “dark chapter” in Canadian history, and an example of how the federal government forced changes that fundamentally affected (and continue to affect) Inuit lives.

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  • Article

    Joint Commission

    Joint Commission, a mechanism used extensively by Britain and the US to settle bilateral disputes mainly of a technical nature.

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  • Article

    King-Byng Affair (Plain-Language Summary)

    The King-Byng Affair was a constitutional crisis that happened in 1926. It pitted the powers of a prime minister against the powers of a governor general. It began when Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King asked Governor General Lord Julian Byng to dissolve Parliament and call a new election. Byng refused. It ended with King winning another election. Since then, no governor general has publicly refused the advice of a prime minister. This article is a plain-language summary of the King-Byng Affair. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: King-Byng Affair.

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  • Article

    Labour Canada

    Labour Canada, established 1900 as the Department of Labour under the Conciliation Act to "aid in the prevention and settlement of trade disputes." In 1994, it became a ministry within the newly created Department of Human Resources Development.

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  • Article

    Leader of the Opposition

    In Canada, the leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest political party sitting in opposition to the federal government. In other words, it is the party with the second-largest number of seats in the House of Commons. The formal title is “Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition.” This title reflects the Westminster system of government found in many Commonwealth countries whose political roots can be traced to the United Kingdom. The current leader of the Opposition is Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre.

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governor

    The lieutenant-governor combines the monarchical and the federal principle in provincial governments. Although the lieutenant-governor is appointed by the Governor General on the prime minister's advice, in the words of an 1892 decision by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a lieutenant-governor "is as much the representative of Her Majesty, for all purposes of provincial government, as the Governor-General himself is for all purposes of Dominion Government."

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of BC

    For more information on provincial politics see: British Columbia. Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Janet Austin ​2018-present Judith Guichon 2012-18 Steven Point 2007-12 Iona V. Campagnolo 2001-07 Garde Gardom 1995-2001 David See-Chai Lam 1988-95 Robert Gordon Rogers 1983-88 Henry Pybus Bell-Irving 1978-83 Walter Stewart Owen 1973-78 John Robert Nicholson 1968-73 George Randolph Pearkes 1960-68 Frank MacKenzie Ross 1955-60 Clarence Wallace 1950-55 Charles Arthur Banks 1946-50 William Culham Woodward 1941-46 Eric Werge Hamber 1936-41 John William Johnson 1931-36 Robert...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Manitoba

    For more information on provincial politics see: Manitoba. Lieutenant-Governors Term Janice C. Filmon 2015-present Philip Lee 2009-15 John Harvard 2004-09 Peter M. Liba 1999-2004 Yvon Dumont 1993-99 George Johnson 1986-93 Pearl B. McGonigal 1981-86 Francis L. Jobin 1976-81 John W. McKeag 1970-76 Richard S. Bowles 1965-70 Errick F. Willis 1960-65 John S. McDiarmid 1953-60 Roland F. McWilliams 1940-53 William J. Tupper 1934-40 James D. McGregor 1929-34 Theodore A. Burrows 1926-29 James A.M. Aikins 1916-26 Douglas...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of New Brunswick

    For more information on provincial politics see: New Brunswick. Lieutenant-Governors Term Jocelyne Roy Vienneau 2014-present Graydon Nicholas 2009-14 Herménégilde Chiasson 2003-09 Marilyn Trenholme Counsell 1997-2003 Margaret Norrie McCain 1994-97 Gilbert Finn 1987-94 George Francis Gillman Stanley 1981-87 Hédard Joseph Robichaud 1971-81 Wallace Samuel Bird 1968-71 John Babbit McNair 1965-68 Joseph Leonard O'Brien 1958-65 David Laurence MacLaren 1945-58 William George Clark 1940-45 Murray MacLaren 1935-40 Hugh Havelock McLean 1928-35 William Frederic Todd 1923-28 William Pugsley 1917-23...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador

    For more information on provincial politics see: Newfoundland and Labrador. Lieutenant-Governors of Newfoundland and Labrador Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Judy Foote ​2018-present Frank F. Fagan 2013-18 John Crosbie 2008-13 Edward Moxon Roberts 2002-08 Arthur Maxwell House 1997-2002 Frederick William Russell 1991-97 James McGrath 1986-91 W.A. Paddon 1981-86 Gordon A. Winter 1974-81 Ewart J.A. Harnum 1969-74 Fabian O'Dea 1963-69 Campbell L. Macpherson 1957-63 Leonard Outerbridge 1949-57 Albert Walsh 1949

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Nova Scotia

    ​For more information on provincial politics see: Nova Scotia. Lieutenant-Governors Term Arthur J. LeBlanc 2017-present John James Grant 2012-17 Mayann E. Francis 2006-12 Myra A. Freeman 2000-06 John James Kinley 1994-2000 Lloyd Roseville Crouse 1989-94 Alan Rockwell Abraham 1984-89 John Elvin Schaffner 1978-84 Clarence L. Gosse 1973-78 Victor de Bedia Oland 1968-73 Henry Poole MacKeen 1963-68 Edward Chester Plow 1958-63 Alistair Fraser 1952-58 John Alexander McCurdy 1947-52 Henry Ernest Kendall 1942-47 Frederick Francis Mathers 1940-42...

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of Ontario

    See also Ontario; Politics in Ontario; Premiers of Ontario. Lieutenant-Governors Term Edith Dumont 2023-present Elizabeth Dowdeswell 2014-23 David C. Onley 2007-14 James K. Bartleman 2002-07 Hilary M. Weston 1997-2002 Henry N.R. Jackman 1991-97 Lincoln M. Alexander 1985-91 John B. Aird 1980-85 Pauline E. McGibbon 1974-80 W. Ross Macdonald 1968-74 William E. Rowe 1963-68 John K. MacKay 1957-63 Louis O. Breithaupt 1952-57 Ray Lawson 1946-52 Albert E. Matthews 1937-46 Herbert A. Bruce 1932-37 William D. Ross...

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