Indigenous People | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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Displaying 31-45 of 67 results

  • Article

    Jean-Louis Riel

    Jean-Louis Riel (also known as Louis Riel Sr.), Métis leader, farmer, miller (born in 1817 in Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan; died in 1864 in Saint-Boniface, Manitoba). Riel rallied hundreds of Métis people in support of Métis defendants against the Hudson’s Bay Company in the 1849 Sayer trial. A landmark case in the history of the Canadian West, the Sayer verdict re-established free fur trade in the Red River Colony. By the 1850s, Jean-Louis Riel had become a leader of the French-Canadian community in the Red River. His role in having the French language used in the Assiniboia courts, and in gaining representation for the Métis on the Council of Assiniboia, helped to cement this status. Riel’s outspoken stance on Métis rights and autonomy significantly influenced his son, Louis Riel, who went on to become arguably the most significant historical Métis leader.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3b6c75e4-12c4-4513-9f68-a9f2c32e3071.jpg Jean-Louis Riel

  • Article

    Jerry Potts

    Jerry Potts, or Ky-yo-kosi, meaning "Bear Child," scout, guide, interpreter (b at Ft McKenzie, US 1840; d at Fort Macleod, Alta 14 July 1896).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/JerryPotts.jpg Jerry Potts

  • Article

    Kondiaronk

    Kondiaronk, Tionontati chief (born circa 1649; died 2 August 1701 in Montreal, QC). He has been known by several names throughout history, including Gaspar Soiaga, Souoias, Sastaretsi, and Le Rat (the Rat). Kondiaronk was one of the main brokers of the Great Peace of Montreal, signed in 1701. This peace agreement between the French and Haudenosaunee brought to an end almost a century of hostilities marked by atrocities on both sides. (See also Indigenous-French Relations in Canada.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Kondiaronk/KondiaronkStamp.jpg Kondiaronk

  • Article

    Labrador Archaic

    The distinctive tools and weapons of the Labrador Archaic people included narrow spear or dart points with a stemmed base for hafting, flaked stone knives and, in some cases, small scrapers for preparing hides.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Labrador Archaic

  • Article

    Deskaheh

    Deskaheh (also known as Levi General), Cayuga (Gayogohó:no') chief and speaker of the Six Nations Hereditary Council (born in 1873 on the Six Nations Reserve near Brantford, ON; died on 25 June 1925 at the Tuscarora Reservation, New York). A member of the Longhouse religion, Deskaheh insisted that the Six Nations retain their languages and distinctive culture.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/17f95d34-9527-484a-990a-1dfca38335bf.jpg Deskaheh

  • Article

    Louis Riel

    Louis Riel, Métis leader, founder of Manitoba, central figure in the Red River and North-West resistance (born 22 October 1844 in Saint-Boniface, Red River Settlement; died 16 November 1885 in Regina, SK). Riel led two popular Métis governments, was central in bringing Manitoba into Confederation, and was executed for high treason for his role in the 1885 resistance to Canadian encroachment on Métis lands. Riel was initially dismissed as a rebel by Canadian historians, although many now sympathize with Riel as a Métis leader who fought to protect his people from the Canadian government.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/cbb299c8-c0b7-460c-add9-2e245342dc9b.jpg Louis Riel

  • Article

    Lydia Campbell

    Lydia Campbell (née Brooks, formerly Lydia Blake, known commonly as “Aunt Lydia”), matriarch, writer (born 1 November 1818 at Hamilton Inlet, Newfoundland Colony; died 29 April 1905 in Mulligan, Newfoundland Colony). Campbell was an Anglo-Inuit matriarch in Labrador. She was the first person from Nunatsiavut to publish her writing. Her “Sketches of Labrador Life,” first published in 1894-95, is a rare autobiography detailing life in 19th-century Labrador. Campbell’s writing recounted the role of women in the period of early European colonization of the area.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Lydia Campbell

  • Article

    Maquinna

    Maquinna, or Mukwina, meaning "possessor of pebbles,"was a Nootka chief (fl1778-95?). Maquinna was the ranking leader of the Moachat group of Nootka Sound Indigenous people on the west coast of Vancouver Island during the early years of European contact.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/0e25e8d6-1ac5-4a3e-a0a1-2b008d46ae99.jpg Maquinna

  • Article

    Mary Brant (Konwatsi'tsiaiénni)

    Mary Brant, Kanyen'kehà:ka (Mohawk), Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) leader, Loyalist, diplomat, political activist (generally known as Molly Brant and as Konwatsi'tsiaiénni in the Mohawk language, meaning “someone lends her a flower”) (born circa 1736; died 16 April 1796 in Kingston, ON). Brant was one of the most important Indigenous women in Canadian history. From her influential position as head of a society of Six Nations matrons, she enjoyed a much greater status within the Mohawk nation than her more colourful, younger brother, Mohawk leader Joseph Brant. Consulted by Indigenous people on matters of importance, she was a powerful ally to the British forces and served as their highly effective intermediary with the Iroquois in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/8fdb5086-619a-4ea0-b146-995510eff36c.jpg Mary Brant (Konwatsi'tsiaiénni)

  • Article

    Matonabbee

    Matonabbee, Chipewyan leader (born circa 1737 in Prince of Wales Fort; died there in August 1782).

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Matonabbee

  • Article

    Mica Bay Incident

    In November 1849, a force of Anishinaabeg (see Ojibwe) and Métis warriors, led by Chiefs Oshawano, Shingwaukonse and Nebenaigoching, forced the Quebec and Lake Superior Mining Association to stop operating at Pointe aux Mines, Mica Bay, Lake Superior. Mica Bay is approximately 100 km northwest of Sault Ste. Marie (by road) on Lake Superior. The closure of the mine and the reaction of the Canada West authorities are known as the Mica Bay Incident.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/MicaBayIncident/Mica_Bay_c1850.jpg Mica Bay Incident

  • Article

    Michel Cadotte

    Michel Cadotte, pioneer fur trader, interpreter, mediator (born 22 July 1764 in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; died 8 July 1837 in La Pointe, Wisconsin). Cadotte established a large, successful fur trade along the south shore of Lake Superior, which covered present-day northern Wisconsin and extended into parts of northern Minnesota. Half French Canadian and half Ojibwe, he endeared himself to the Indigenous people of the area by marrying Ikwesewe, the daughter of an Ojibwe chief, and by his compassionate understanding of Indigenous ways. These factors allowed Cadotte to gain a monopoly on the fur trade with the Indigenous peoples of the area.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/MichelCadotte/MadelineIslandPic.jpg Michel Cadotte

  • Article

    Nebenaigoching

    Nebenaigoching (also spelled Nebenaigooching, Unbenegooching, or Nabunagoging), or Joseph Sayers, Anishinaabeg Ogima or leader (born c. 1808 at Leech Island, Lake Superior, Upper Canada [ON]; died 1899 at Garden River First Nation, ON). Son of Ogima Waubejechauk (Wabechechacke) and Julia Sayer, Nebenaigoching was a hereditary Crane Clan chief, defender of Anishinaabeg (see Ojibwe) rights, and signatory to the 1850 Robinson-Huron Treaty (see Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/Nebenaigoching/Chippewa_Indian_Chiefs_At_Montreal_1849_image.jpg Nebenaigoching

  • Article

    Ounanguissé

    Ounanguissé (“Shimmering Light of the Sun,” also spelled Onangizes, Onanguisset and Onanguicé) was wkama (leader) of the Potawatomi ca. 1660s–1701. He was an important figure in the alliance between the French and Indigenous people of the Great Lakes region during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He is most well known for a speech he gave regarding this alliance during a meeting he had with the governor general of New France, Louis de Buade de Frontenac in 1697. He also made an important contribution to the establishment of the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Ounanguissé

  • Article

    Palaeoindian

    Some discoveries at the BLUEFISH CAVES and the OLD CROW BASIN in the Yukon trace back the occupation of these two deposits at around 25 000 to 40 000 years BP, based on dates obtained from sediments and mammoth bones that have most likely been modified by humans.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/f28e80bc-14da-4c69-b71c-6e16f91ed72d.jpg Palaeoindian