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Goldenrod, genus Solidago, showy, perennial, herbaceous plant of the Compositae or Asteraceae family.

Emergence of GrasslandsGrasslands began to appear about 25 million years ago, changing the face of much of the world and providing food for grazing animals. Grasses and grazers evolved together. Grasses benefit because grazers control the growth of competing species and provide fertilizers.

Eight species of Solanum occur in Canada, of which only S. carolinense (horse or ball nettle), found in southern Ontario, is native. The most familiar nightshade found across Canada is S. dulcamara (climbing nightshade or European bittersweet).

Fireweed, common name for Epilobium angustifolium, a member of a genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants of the evening primrose family (Onagraceae).

Fern, common name for a diverse group (division Polypodiophyta) of usually perennial, spore-producing plants with divided, evergreen or deciduous leaves (fronds) arising from slender, horizontal rhizomes (underground stems) or stout, ascending rootstalks.

Forage refers to plants consumed by animals, particularly livestock. Forage may be preserved by drying the plants to produce hay, it may be fermented to produce silage, and dried material is also compressed to produce compacted hay, pellets, and cubes .

Elm (Ulmus), genus of trees of elm family (Ulmaceae), found only in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Currant, see BERRIES, WILD.

Crocus, Prairie, see ANEMONE.

Eastern Temperate Forests, see vegetation regions.

Cypress is the common name for evergreen conifers of genus Cupressus of the cypress family (Cupressaceae). At least 12 species are recognized worldwide occurring in warm, northern temperate regions.

In butterworts (Pinguicula) sticky leaf surfaces act as flypaper to trap prey; in sundews (Drosera) sticky, long-stalked glands serve the same function, then bend inwards to enfold the victim.

Columbine, herbaceous plant (genus Aquilegia) of buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). The generic name derives from Latin aquila, "eagle," common name from Latin columba, "dove."

Long before formal study of plants began in Canadian academic institutions, they were studied by explorers and talented amateurs.

Blue-green Algae, now known as Cyanobacteria, are named for the blue-green pigment phycocyanin which along with chlorophyll a gives them a blue-green appearance. This led to Cyanobacteria being called blue-green algae before the kingdom Monera was recognized.

Dogwood (Cornaceae), family of perennial herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs, represented in North America by about 15 members of the genus Cornus.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a perennial plant, cultivated as an annual and belonging to the nightshade family.

SeePEA.

Horsetail, perennial plant of genus Equisetum, the only living representative of the very ancient and primitive class Sphenopsida.

Biological studies of individuals and groups of organisms can occur at various levels (eg, molecular, cellular, anatomical, functional, behavioural, ecological and evolutionary).