Prejudice | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    SARS in Canada

    Canada experienced an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Most of the infections originated in Toronto hospitals. The outbreak led to the quarantine of thousands, killed 44 people and took an economic toll on Toronto. It also exposed the country’s ill-prepared health-care system. Confusion around SARS fuelled an uptick in anti-Asian racism and anti-immigrant sentiment. Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.

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  • Article

    The École Polytechnique Tragedy: Beyond the Duty of Remembrance

    Every year on 6 December, the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women, the women who lost their lives in the massacre are remembered. While flags are flown at half-mast, vigils, conferences and demonstrations are held in remembrance. Despite these efforts, assigning meaning to the shooting has stirred controversy — and continues to do so.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/db65ff84-c99c-48be-89f0-caa2e6796d7b.jpg The École Polytechnique Tragedy: Beyond the Duty of Remembrance
  • Article

    Singh Case

    In the 1985 Singh case (Singh v. Minister of Employment and Immigration), the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the legal guarantees of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms apply to “everyone” physically present in Canada, including foreign asylum seekers. The court also found that refugees have the right to a full oral hearing of their claims before being either admitted into the country or deported. The decision drastically changed the way refugees are dealt with in Canada. (See also Canadian Refugee Policy.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/7ac02b0f-118b-4ccb-b6dc-81f218b68954.jpg Singh Case
  • Article

    Sir George Williams Affair

    The Sir George Williams affair (also known as the Sir George Williams riot) took place in winter 1969, when more than 200 students decided to peacefully occupy the ninth floor of the Henry F. Hall Building at Sir George Williams University in Montreal. These students were protesting the university administration’s decision regarding a complaint of racism that had been filed several months earlier by six Black students from the Caribbean. On 11 February 1969, to dislodge the students occupying the building, the police intervened forcefully, and the situation deteriorated, resulting in over $2 million worth of damage and the arrest of 97 people. The Sir George Williams affair is regarded as the largest student riot in Canadian history. For many observers and historians, it represents a key moment in the rebirth of black militancy in Montreal.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/e31f1667-bf31-4052-95c4-22a3da881f96.jpg Sir George Williams Affair
  • Article

    Sixties Scoop

    The “Sixties Scoop” refers to the large-scale removal or “scooping” of Indigenous children from their homes, communities and families of birth through the 1960s, and their subsequent adoption into predominantly non-Indigenous, middle-class families across the United States and Canada. This experience left many adoptees with a lost sense of cultural identity. The physical and emotional separation from their birth families continues to affect adult adoptees and Indigenous communities to this day. This is the full-length entry about the Sixties Scoop. For a plain-language summary, please see Sixties Scoop (Plain-Language Summary).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/9fee628e-1ce5-4c82-9ebb-d5b2764b09c4.jpg Sixties Scoop
  • Article

    Sterilization of Indigenous Women in Canada

    The practice of sterilization arose out of the eugenics movement and has a long, often hidden history in Canada. Sterilization legislation in Alberta (1928–72) and British Columbia (1933–73) attempted to limit the reproduction of “unfit” persons, and increasingly targeted Indigenous women. Coerced sterilization of Indigenous women took place both within and outside existing legislation, and in federally operated Indian hospitals. The practice has continued into the 21st century. Approximately 100 Indigenous women have alleged that they were pressured to consent to sterilization between the 1970s and 2018, often while in the vulnerable state of pregnancy or childbirth.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Nikawiy Nitanis.png Sterilization of Indigenous Women in Canada
  • Article

    The 1969 Amendment and the (De)criminalization of Homosexuality

    From the earliest days of colonization to 1969, sodomy laws made sex between men illegal in Canada. In addition, a law enacted in 1892 made “gross indecency” between men illegal. This included anything that indicated same-sex attraction, including simple touching, dancing and kissing. The law was extended to women in 1953. In 1969, however, sodomy and gross indecency laws were changed, making such acts legal under some circumstances. The parties involved had to be 21 years of age or older and conduct their affairs in private. Sodomy and gross indecency remained illegal outside of the home or if three or more individuals were involved or present. Thus, Canada’s Criminal Code continued to equate homosexuality with criminal behaviour under many circumstances.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/6483ddf2-6bee-4d0b-a2b1-142ae795176c.jpg The 1969 Amendment and the (De)criminalization of Homosexuality
  • Article

    Ex-gay Movement

    ​The ex-gay movement, commonly referred to in popular culture by the phrase “pray the gay away,” is a predominantly conservative Christian movement that operates worldwide but is most prominent in the United States, Canada, Britain, and Australia.

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  • Interview

    No. 2 Construction Battalion and the Fight to Fight

    No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) — also known as the Black Battalion — was a segregated non-combatant unit during the First World War. It was the largest Black unit in Canadian military history. This is their story.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/6421f56d-9180-4137-ad07-62e0a47e8141.jpg No. 2 Construction Battalion and the Fight to Fight
  • Article

    Shelburne Race Riots

    On 26 July 1784, a mob of Loyalist settlers stormed the home of a Black preacher in Shelburne, Nova Scotia. They were armed with hooks and chains seized from ships in the harbour. The confrontation ignited a wave of violence in Shelburne County that lasted approximately 10 days. The majority of the attacks targeted the county’s free Black population. The Shelburne Riot has been described as the first race riot in North America. (See also British North America.)

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/be13527b-b76d-408a-afca-30acbd4f7bfc.png Shelburne Race Riots
  • Article

    We Demand

    We Demand was a 13-page document that called for changes to discriminatory federal laws and policies concerning gays, bisexuals, and lesbians in Canada. The brief, which contained ten points, was presented to the federal government in 1971. It set a national strategy that was pursued for decades until all the demands were met.

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  • Article

    World Sikh Organization of Canada

    The World Sikh Organization (WSO) of Canada is a non-profit organization. As an advocate for human rights in Canada, Punjab and around the world, WSO Canada has been involved in several significant court cases. This has helped develop Canadian human rights laws and customs.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/PalbinderKaurShergill/Palbinder Kaur Shergill.png World Sikh Organization of Canada