Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    The Jesuit Relations

    The Jesuit Relations is a collection of the annual reports written by the Jesuit missionaries in Canada and sent to France from 1632 to 1672. These reports are an important historical resource regarding all of the events which occurred in the colony during this period. More specifically, they describe the central role played by the members of the Society of Jesus in the colonization of North America. (See Population Settlement of New France.) These reports provide an overview of the colonial vision of the times and describe the successes and failures of the missionaries in their efforts to convert the First Nations. Printed and distributed in Paris, primarily as a propaganda tool, the Jesuit Relations are very popular with travel literature enthusiasts. They remain a unique source of information regarding the early days of New France.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/1ab35d09-0c75-441b-b37e-15cacbc481d7.jpg The Jesuit Relations
  • Article

    Jesuits

    The Society of Jesus was founded in Paris in 1534 by Saint Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish soldier who underwent a profound religious experience while recovering from serious wounds. Loyola called the society "The Company of Jesus" to indicate its military spirit. The order was authorized in September 1540 to ordain its members. The name "Jesuits" (meaning those who too frequently use or appropriate the name of Jesus) was used against the order as a term of reproach but in time was accepted by its members.

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  • Article

    Jewish Canadians

    Unlike most immigrants to Canada, Jews did not come from a place where they were the majority cultural group. Jews were internationally dispersed at the time of the ancient Roman Empire and after unsuccessful revolts against it lost their sovereignty in their ancient homeland. Subsequently, Jews lived, sometimes for many centuries, as minorities in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. In the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), 329,495 Canadians identified as Jewish when responding to the census question on religion, and 309,650 identified as being of Jewish ethnic origin (115,640 single and 194,010 multiple responses).

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  • Article

    Jewish Music and Musicians

    The Jewish Community In CanadaThe 245,860 Canadians of Jewish extraction (1986 census) represent a great variety of ancestral languages and cultural traditions.

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  • Article

    Jim Brady

    James Patrick Brady, prospector, Métis leader (born 11 March 1908 in Lake St. Vincent, AB; disappeared 7 June 1967 in the Foster Lakes area, SK). A grandson of one of Louis Riel’s soldiers, Brady became a leader among the Métis of northern Alberta and Saskatchewan. He was active in the radical politics of the 1930s, trying in vain to persuade the  Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan to implement progressive Indigenous policies. Brady was a founding member of the Association des Métis d’Alberta et des Territoires du Nord-Ouest in 1932 and remained a major figure in the organization as an influential teacher. The last moments of his life are shrouded in mystery as he disappeared on a prospecting trip in 1967.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Jim_Bradycrop.png Jim Brady
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    Jim Egan

    James Leo (Jim) Egan, gay activist, writer, politician, environmental activist (born 14 September 1921 in Toronto, ON; died 9 March 2000 in Courtenay, BC). Egan was the first person to publish long articles written from a gay point of view in Canada. He was also one of the first openly gay politicians to serve in Canada. Egan is best remembered for a court challenge he and his partner, Jack Nesbit, launched against the spousal allowance benefit under the Old Age Security Act in 1988. In the subsequent Egan v. Canada decision (1995), the Supreme Court read in that sexual orientation is a protected ground of discrimination in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms — a monumental finding in support of LGBTQ2 rights in Canada.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/!feature-img-thumbnails/jim-egan-tweet.jpg Jim Egan
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    Jim Watson

    James Alexander Watson, Ottawa city councillor 1991–97, Member of Provincial Parliament 2003–10, mayor of Ottawa 1997–2000 and 2010–22, journalist, broadcaster (born 30 July 1961 in Montreal, QC). Jim Watson has been in and out of politics since he was first elected as an Ottawa city councillor in 1991. He has also served as a member of the Ontario parliament (MPP) and as a minister in the Liberal Cabinet. He came out as gay in 2019 and served four terms as mayor of Ottawa. He was both the youngest and the longest-serving mayor in the city’s history.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/d87ece12-e6ce-444f-b4c4-6994c6aac274.jpg Jim Watson
  • Article

    Jimmy Claxton

    Jimmy Claxton, baseball player, stevedore (born 14 December 1892 in Wellington, BC; died 3 March 1970 in Tacoma, Washington). On 28 May 1916, Jimmy Claxton became the first Black person to play Organized Baseball (MLB and all of its affiliated minor leagues) in the 20th century. The left-handed pitcher did so 30 years before Jackie Robinson played for the Montreal Royals. Claxton was also the first Black player to be featured on an American baseball card. He is the only Negro Leagues player from Canada to have his statistics upgraded to major league numbers. He was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2021.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Jimmy-Claxton.jpg Jimmy Claxton
  • Article

    Jimmy Rattlesnake

    Jimmy Rattlesnake, baseball player (born 1909 in Hobbema [now Maskwacis], Alberta; died 17 April 1972 in Hobbema). A crafty and durable left-handed pitcher, Jimmy Rattlesnake was one of Canada’s first Indigenous baseball stars. He dominated prize money tournaments in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the 1930s and 1940s. Some reports indicate that he also briefly pitched professionally in the United States. Often compared to African American pitcher Satchel Paige, Rattlesnake was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2021.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Jimmy Rattlesnake2 - Copy (1) (002).jpg Jimmy Rattlesnake
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    Joe David

    Joe David, Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) artist (b at Opitsat, BC 1946). A member of the Clayoquot Band, Joe David is a leading figure in modern Northwest Coast Indigenous Art.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/7e11f2bf-8d4b-4412-a205-99834d3fb923.jpg Joe David
  • Article

    Joe Talirunili

    Joe Talirunili, artist (b near Kuujjuaraapik [Great Whale R], Qué c 1899; d at Povungnituk, Qué 11 Sept 1976). 

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/d22d9622-1034-41ed-ac9a-3b6c6a1d06bc.jpg Joe Talirunili
  • Article

    Joey Angnatok

    Joey Angnatok, hunter, fisherman, social entrepreneur, businessman, community leader (born May 1976 in Nain, Newfoundland) has worked with university researchers and his fellow Inuit for more than 30 years collecting climate and other environmental data. At the end of each fishing season, he turns his fishing boat into a marine research vessel.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/Joey Angnatok image.jpg Joey Angnatok
  • Article

    Johann Olav Koss

    Johann Olav Koss, CM, speed skater, founder of Right To Play International (born 29 October 1968 in Drammen, Norway).

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/e02cc853-b432-41a6-b9c6-e1e1d6a3704e.jpg Johann Olav Koss
  • Article

    John Brant (Ahyonwaeghs)

    John Brant (Ahyonwaeghs), Kanyen’kehà:ka (Mohawk) Grand Chief, Indian Superintendent (born 27 September 1794 near Brantford, ON; died 27 August 1832 near Brantford, ON). John Brant was the son of Joseph Brant, Kanyen’kehà:ka (Mohawk) chieftain and the first Indigenous person to receive a commission in the British Army, as a captain in 1757. Brant was also the nephew of Robert Johnson Kerr, who was the son of Major General Sir William Johnson and brother-in-law of Joseph Brant.

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    https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/cfac3a97-835e-4f71-afd4-2afa69cd9c84.jpg John Brant (Ahyonwaeghs)
  • Article

    John Callihoo

    John Callihoo, politician, Indigenous-rights leader (born on Michel First Nation, Alberta 1882; died in St Albert, Alberta 11 Aug 1957). Of Haudenosaunee-Cree descent and self-educated, he was a freighter and then a farmer, but his leadership capabilities soon made him a rallying point for Indigenous causes.

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    https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 John Callihoo